1967
DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1967.90
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Content and intracellular distribution of the inducing metal in the primary rhabdomyosarcomata induced in the rat by cobalt, nickel and cadmium.

Abstract: PREVIOUS studies in this laboratory have shown that cobalt, nickel and cadmium, when injected as the powdered metal into the thigh muscle of rats of the hooded strain, produce a high incidence of rhabdomyosarcomata, whereas a number of other metals, including iron, copper, zinc, manganese, beryllium and tungsten are not carcinogenic under these conditions (Heath, 1956(Heath, , 1960 Heath and Daniel, 1964a, b;Heath, Daniel, Dingle and Webb, 1962). Tumours, which arise at any time from about 3 months after imp… Show more

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Cited by 64 publications
(18 citation statements)
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“…The same order has been found for the intracellular distribution of Ni2+, Co2+ and Cd2+ ions in rhabdomyosarcomata induced by implants of metallic nickel, cobalt and cadmium in the rat although in these primary tumours binding of the appropriate cation in the cell nucleus is much greater than in any other fraction, i.e. about 80-90 % of the cellular content (Heath and Webb, 1967). * In the nuclei from these tumours, * In the in vitro system, slight contamination of the cells by 63Ni2+, present in intercellular material and released on treatment of the monolayer cultures with trypsin, could lead to erroneously high values for the cation content of the cell sap fraction.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 72%
“…The same order has been found for the intracellular distribution of Ni2+, Co2+ and Cd2+ ions in rhabdomyosarcomata induced by implants of metallic nickel, cobalt and cadmium in the rat although in these primary tumours binding of the appropriate cation in the cell nucleus is much greater than in any other fraction, i.e. about 80-90 % of the cellular content (Heath and Webb, 1967). * In the nuclei from these tumours, * In the in vitro system, slight contamination of the cells by 63Ni2+, present in intercellular material and released on treatment of the monolayer cultures with trypsin, could lead to erroneously high values for the cation content of the cell sap fraction.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 72%
“…Although based on tests from a limited number of alloys, the in vitro results from L6-C11 cells are predictive of the carcinogenicity seen in vivo when alloy pellets are implanted into rats. As both nickel and cobalt metal particles are rodent carcinogens (Heath and Webb, 1967;Kalinich et al, 2005), it is not unexpected that tungsten-nickel-cobalt alloys are also carcinogenic when implanted into rodent muscles (Kalinich et al, 2005;Schuster et al, 2012). The lack of comparable carcinogenicity of tungsten-nickel-iron (WNF 97-2-1) in rats requires further explanation but is indicative of the importance of cobalt in the mechanism of carcinogenicity of these materials.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The composition of the binding alloy is actually 49% W; 34% Ni; and 17% Co when expressed by weight (w/w) and 23.5% W; 51% Ni; and 25.5% Co when expressed by molarity. Because of this, there are safety concerns about these materials since it has long been established that metallic Ni and Co, in both powder and pellet form, are carcinogenic when implanted into rat muscles (Heath and Webb, 1967;Kalinich et al, 2005). Furthermore, WNC 91-6-3 itself has also been investigated and, when implanted into the thigh muscles of F344 rats all animals developed aggressive rhabdomyosarcomas that metastasized to the lung within 4 to 5 months (Kalinich et al, 2005).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Growth retardation and anemia has also been attributed to cadmium (12). Cadmium has been shown to be carcinogenic and to result in the development of neoplastic lesions (13,14). Interaction between cadmium and other elements has been reported.…”
Section: Scientific Backgroundmentioning
confidence: 99%