Content-based Image Authentication: Current Status, Issues, and Challenges

Gelhausen, Tom; Tichy, Walter F.

doi:10.1109/icsc.2007.100

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…, N} called the tamper detection mark (TDM) is used to represent the location of tampering [13], where N is the number of 2×2 blocks in the test image Z. As in the watermark insertion process, according to (1) and (2), the binary random sequence B, two mapping sequences Ψ and Λ are obtained by the same secret key. The tamper detection procedure includes the following steps.…”

Section: Tamper Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The purpose of fragile watermarking is to achieve multimedia content authentication by imperceptibly embedding additional information into the host media [1,2]. Many fragile watermarking schemes have been developed for digital images to detect accurately the tampered areas [3] and further recover approximately the original content in the tampered areas [4], which is also called the self-correcting or self-embedding watermarking.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Self-embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme Combined Average with VQ Encoding

Fan

Huo

2013

Digital Forensics and Watermaking

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Abstract. Combined average encoding with vector quantization (VQ) encoding, a new self-embedding fragile watermarking scheme is proposed. To take into account watermark payload, localization accuracy and recovery quality, the 6-bit average-watermark of a 2 × 2 original block and the 8-bit VQ-watermark of a 4 × 4 block of image high-frequency component are generated and hidden in the corresponding mapping blocks of them based on secret key, respectively. To improve the tamper detection performance, the validity of a 2 × 2 block is determined by combining the average-watermark with the VQ-watermark. The average, VQ and inpainting recovery operations are executed in sequence to improve the recovery quality especially for a larger tampering ratio. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme not only provides a better invisibility and security against the known counterfeiting attacks, but also allows image recovery with an acceptable visual quality up to 70% tampering ratios.

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Section: Tamper Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-embedding Fragile Watermarking Scheme Combined Average with VQ Encoding

Fan

Huo

2013

Digital Forensics and Watermaking

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“…With the development of computer technology, the users can manipulate the digital images easily and professionally with the image editing tools [1]. Now the recoverable authentication watermarking is usually used to verify the integrity of the image content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Restorable Semi-fragile Watermarking Combined DCT with Interpolation

Huo

Fan

2014

Digital-Forensics and Watermarking

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Abstract. In this paper, a semi-fragile watermarking with interpolation method is proposed to improve recovery performance with less recovery watermark capacity. The original image is 2-fold down sampled to reduce the watermark payload and DCT (Discrete Cosine Transformation) is calculated on each 4 9 4 block in the down-sampled image. The DC coefficient and first two AC coefficients in each 4 9 4 block are quantized by selected quantized steps respectively and encoded with 11 bits to generate the recovery watermark corresponding to 8 9 8 block in the original image. The recovery watermark of each 8 9 8 block is embedded in the quantized DCT coefficients of other blocks. At the recovery side, the low resolution image is firstly reconstructed by the extracted valid recovery watermark and the high resolution one is reconstructed by the interpolation method based on the low resolution one. The tampered blocks are recovered by the corresponding blocks in the high resolution image. The image inpainting method is also used to recover the tampering coincident blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed restorable semi-fragile watermarking method can achieve better recovery performance under JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) compression with superior invisibility.

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“…Most of the existing image hashing studies mainly focus on the feature extraction stage and use them during authentication, which can roughly be classified into the four following categories (Zhu et al, 2010), (Han & Chu, 2010):…”

Section: Perceptual Image Hashing Methods Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, bit-by-bit verification is no longer a suitable method for multimedia data authentication. A rough classification of content-preserving and content-changing manipulations is given in Table 1 (Han & Chu, 2010). Robust perceptual image hashing methods have recently been proposed as primitives to overcome the above problems and have constituted the core of a challenging developing research area to academia as well as the multimedia industry.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%