Content of Phenolic Compounds and Organic Acids in the Flowers of Selected Tulipa gesneriana Cultivars

Abstract

The study focused on the determination of phenolic acids, flavonoids and organic acids in five tulip cultivars ‘Barcelona’, ‘Columbus’, ‘Strong Gold’, ‘Super Parrot’ and ‘Tropicana’. The cultivars grown in field and in a greenhouse were exposed after cutting to different times of storage (0, 3 and 6 days). The phenolic profile contained 4-hydroxybenzoic, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, salicylic, protocatechuic, trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, chlorogenic and sinapic acids, as well as quercetin, rutin, luteonin, catechin and vitexin. The mean phenolic acid content was in the following order: ‘Columbus’ and ‘Tropicana’ > ’Barcelona’ > ’Strong Gold’ > ’Super Parrot’, while the levels of flavonoids were as follows: ‘Strong Gold’ > ’Barcelona’ > ’Tropicana’ > ’Columbus’ > ’Super Parrot’. The highest content of phenolic acids was confirmed for Columbus and Tropicana, while the lowest was for Super Parrot. However total phenolic content was very similar, observed between the place of cultivation, time of storage and cultivars. Malonic, succinic, acetic and citric acids were the major organic acid components in tulip petals. More organic acids (except malonic) were accumulated in tulip petals from fields than those from the greenhouse, while changes during storage were strictly correlated with cultivars.

Study on the Molecular Basis of Huanglian Jiedu Decoction Against Atopic Dermatitis Integrating Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Metabolomics Strategies

“…Many organic acid compounds are mainly classified into small molecule phenolic acid compounds and acylated organic acid compounds according to their structure ( Krzymińska et al, 2020 ). A total of 18 organic acid and amino acid chemical components (compound 1-6, 8-10, 12, 18-19, 21, 23, 25, 31-32, and 70) were identified in this study: quinic acid, malic acid, arginine, proline, tyrosine, citric acid, isoleucine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, phenylalanine, danshensu, 3-indoleacrylic acid, tryptophan, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid, gentisic acid, chlorogenic acid, 4-ocaffeoylquinic acid, ferulic acid, and isochlorogenic acid.…”

The Compositional Aspects of Edible Flowers as an Emerging Horticultural Product

“…[48] Four phenolic acids (gallic acid-1.05 ± 0.61 (mg/g); caffeic acid-0.19 ± 0.02 (mg/g); ferulic acid-0.48 ± 0.27 (mg/g); rosmarinic acid-5.49 ± 0.96 (mg/g)) were also identified in the flower extract of Lavandula angustifolia Mill., by ultrasound-assisted extraction with natural eutectic solvents (NADESs) and reference solvents (70% ethanol, 80% methanol) [48]. Krzymi ńska et al [49], studied the phenolic acid profile of five cultivars of Tulipa gesneriana L., in which significant amounts of hydroxybenzoic acids (phydroxybenzoic, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic, gallic, vanillic, syringic, salicylic, protocatechuic), and hydroxycinnamic acids (trans-cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, ferulic, chlorogenic, sinapic) were identified, while it was noted that the profile of the phenolic acids of the flowers studied varied according to the cultivar, the production system, and the storage time.…”

“…The flowers of buckwheat (Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench) also contain the highest amounts of catechin compared to other plant parts, while Cucurbita pepo L. [102] and highbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium L. [105]) flowers are also a good source of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin. Krzymi ńska et al [49] reported a varied content of catechins in various Tulipa gesneriana cultivars under different cultivation systems. In the recent study by de Morais et al [106], the edible flowers of eight species with different colors (mini rose (Rosa chinensis Jacq.…”

Systematic review on the anxiolytic and hypnotic effects of flower extracts in in vivo pre‐clinical studies published from 2010 to 2020

“…Flowers are involved in sexual reproduction, secreting attractive and/or rewarding chemicals to animal pollinators such as proline and GABA (Biancucci et al, 2015; Sosenski & Parra‐Tabla, 2019). Several bioactive antioxidant polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, organic acids, terpenes, alkaloids, and saponins, which can modulate multiple CNS neurotransmitter pathways, are high storage in petals and other parts of flowers (Chen et al, 2018; da Fonseca et al, 2020; Krzymińska et al, 2020; Kumari et al, 2021). Currently, in anxiety drug development, the multitarget approach is a novel rational strategy supported by the implication of disturbances in multiple complex neuronal systems (Sartori & Singewald, 2019).…”