Content of Two Major Steroidal Glycoalkaloids in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) Mutant Lines at Different Ripening Stages

Abstract

Esculeoside A and tomatine are two major steroidal alkaloids in tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperlipidemia activities. Tomatine contained in immature tomato fruit is converted to esculeoside A as the fruit matures. To develop new tomato varieties based on the content analysis of functional secondary metabolites, 184 mutant lines were generated from the original cultivar (S. lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom) by radiation breeding. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detector was used to identify the mutant lines with good traits by analyzing tomatine and esculeoside A content. Compared with the original cultivar, candidates for highly functional cultivars with high esculeoside A content were identified in the mature fruit of the mutant lines. The mutant lines with low and high tomatine content at an immature stage were selected as edible cultivars due to toxicity reduction and as a source of tomatine with various pharmacological activities, respectively. During the process of ripening from green to red tomatoes, the rate of conversion of tomatine to esculeoside A was high in the green tomatoes with a low tomatine content, whereas green tomatoes with a high tomatine content exhibited a low conversion rate. Using methanol extracts prepared from unripe and ripe fruits of the original cultivar and its mutant lines and two major compounds, we examined their cytotoxicity against FaDu human hypopharynx squamous carcinoma cells. Only tomatine exhibited cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.589 μM, whereas the other samples did not exhibit cytotoxicity. Therefore, radiation breeding represents a useful tool for developing new cultivars with high quality, and metabolite analysis is applicable for the rapid and objective selection of potential mutant lines.

Effect of shaking in the production of highly soluble powder from tomatoes using microbial enzyme preparation

“…It has been reported that the addition of a surfactant (Tween 20) protects cellulase inactivation in saccharification of cellulose by shaking (Bhagia et al, 2019). It is also known that plants contain natural surfactants called saponins (Sochacki and Vogt, 2022), and tomato saponins are present as α-tomatin and esculeoside A (Pareja-Jaime et al, 2008), while α-tomatin is found in mature abundant in mature blue fruits, but decreases with maturity and is converted to esculeoside A (Yamanaka et al, 2009;Ngo et al, 2022). It has also been reported that mature tomatoes contain about four times as much esculeoside A as lycopene (Manabe et al, 2011), and in the study, the inactivation of cellulase and BGL was suppressed by saccharification of tomatoes by shaking, which was presumably due to the protection of cellulase and BGL by the effect of esculeoside A contained in the tomatoes.…”

Agri-Food Waste Recycling for Healthy Remedies: Biomedical Potential of Nutraceuticals from Unripe Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

“…Lyophilized green tomatoes 0.734 ± 0.028-0.175 ± 0.011 DW [28] Air-dried red tomatoes 0.112-0.005 DW [29] Lyophilized green tomatoes 1.993 ± 0.033-0.181 ± 0.012 DW [30] Lyophilized green tomatoes 34.354 ± 1.094-0.282 ± 0.019 DW [31] Fresh green tomatoes 1.894 ± 0.008-0.278 ± 0.004 FW [32] Lyophilized green tomatoes 2.240 ± 0.010-1.130 ± 0.035 DW [22] Lyophilized leaves 9.620 ± 0.201-6.030 ± 0.303 DW [33] Lyophilized leaves 0.640 ± 0.002-0.402 ± 0.001 DW [34] Hot-air-dried sample 2.430 ± 0.467-0.170 ± 0.002 DW [35] Table 1. Cont.…”

“…Indeed, fresh samples contain a water content that is sufficient to solubilize the alkaloids during the extraction [45]. After the extraction, the solution can be (1) centrifuged to remove the precipitated components [22,28,29,[31][32][33]37,38,[46][47][48][49]; (2) concentrated under vacuum and acidified with a solution of hydrochloric acid (0.2 N) [35,50,51]; (3) or subjected to both procedures [36,52]. The samples obtained can be directly analysed [28,32,46,48] or subjected to partial purification procedures.…”

“…After the extraction, the solution can be (1) centrifuged to remove the precipitated components [22,28,29,[31][32][33]37,38,[46][47][48][49]; (2) concentrated under vacuum and acidified with a solution of hydrochloric acid (0.2 N) [35,50,51]; (3) or subjected to both procedures [36,52]. The samples obtained can be directly analysed [28,32,46,48] or subjected to partial purification procedures. The most common approaches to partial purification include (1) the clean-up of the samples with solid-phase extraction (SPE) [22,29,31,33,34,37,38,40,41,51,53];…”

“…Lyophilized sample (0.1) 10 mL of acetic acid 1% in aqueous EtOH 80% (v/v) UAE (10 min), centrifugation (5 min, 4000 rpm) for two cycles [28,30] Lyophilized sample (0.1) 10 mL of acetic acid 1% in aqueous EtOH 70% (v/v) UAE (15 min), centrifugation (5 min, 4000 rpm) for two cycles [46] Fresh samples (10) 10 mL of methanol UAE (1 h), centrifugation (10 min, 12,000 rpm) [32] Hot-air-dried sample ( An essential point in the analytical validation of an extraction is the recovery study of the active ingredient from the matrix. Although several papers report methods for α-tomatine extraction, few authors have adequately supported them with recovery studies.…”