Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation

Bouton, Mark E.; Peck, Charles A.

doi:10.3758/bf03207634

Cited by 254 publications

(268 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Interestingly, similar results have also been found in experiments about interference between outcomes in which novel contexts (or retention intervals), instead of retrieval cues, were used in order to retrieve associations (see, e.g., Bouton, 1991Bouton, , 1993Bouton & Bolles, 1979;Bouton & King, 1983;Bouton & Peck, 1989;Rosas & Bouton, 1997a, 1997b. Thus, the present results show a recovery effect of the interference between elementally trained cues, which occurs analogously to recovery in experiments of interference between outcomes, such as extinction and counterconditioning (e.g., Bouton, 1993;Brooks & Bouton, 1993;Brooks et al, 1999).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

The Relative Activation of Associations Modulates Interference between Elementally Trained Cues

Pineño

Ortega

Matute

2000

Learning and Motivation

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Matute and Pineño (1998a) showed evidence of interference between elementally trained cues and suggested that this effect occurs when the interfering association is more strongly activated than the target association at the time of testing. The present experiments tested directly the role of the relative activation of the associations in the effect of interference between elementally trained cues. In three human experiments we manipulated the relative activation of the interfering and target associations in three different ways: (a) introducing a retention interval between training of the interfering association and the test trial (Experiment 1); (b) training the target and the interfering associations in a single phase, instead of training them in separate phases (Experiment 2); and (c) introducing, just before testing, a novel cue which, like the retention interval used in Experiment 1, had the purpose of separating the interfering trials from the test trial (Experiment 3). All three manipulations led to an enhancement of responding to the target association at testing, suggesting that they were effective in preventing the interfering association from being the most strongly activated one at the time of testing. Taken together, these results add further evidence on how the relative activation of associations modulates interference between elementally trained cues.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 54%

The Relative Activation of Associations Modulates Interference between Elementally Trained Cues

Pineño

Ortega

Matute

2000

Learning and Motivation

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“…Several experiments indicate that especially (partly) extinguished CS are affected by the excitatory strength of the context (e.g., Bouton, 1984;Bouton and King, 1986;Bouton and Peck, 1989). These experiments, as our own Experiment lA, demonstrate that the excitatory associative strength of contextual stimuli does not enhance responding to a CS if the CS is not under the influence of extinction.…”

Section: Experiments 2 Retardation and Summation Tests Using A Uniquesupporting

confidence: 65%

Differential inhibition using contextual stimuli

Maes

Vossen

1996

Behavioural Processes

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The present experiments examined whether external contextual stimuli can acquire inhibitory properties through a simple differential context-reinforcement procedure. Rats first received discrimination training sessions in which an electric footshock was consistently delivered in one context, but not in a second, different context. In Experiments lA and lB, summation and retardation tests were subsequently performed using the non-reinforced context. Each of these tests failed to reveal contextual conditioned inhibition. In Experiment 2, a summation and retardation test were performed using a contextual stimulus that was unique to the non-reinforced context. Weak but significant contextual inhibition was found. It was suggested that contextual stimuli that are unique to the non-reinforced context did acquire inhibitory strength in each experiment, but that in Experiments lA and lB, expression of this inhibition during testing had been masked by the concurrent presence of excitation from elements that the non-reinforced context had in common with the reinforced context.

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“…Although reinstatement findings in humans are restricted to the aforementioned studies, the phenomenon has been investigated extensively in rats, and has been proven to be fairly robust. Reinstatement has been observed in classical fear conditioning (e.g., Bouton & Bolles, 1979;Rescorla & Heth, 1975;Westbrook, Iordanova, McNally, Richardson, & Harris, 2002), appetitive conditioning (e.g., Bouton & Peck, 1989) and taste aversion learning (e.g., Schachtman, Brown, & Miller, 1985), as well as in instrumental learning (e.g., Baker, Steinwald, & Bouton, 1991). A dependent measure of conditioned fear responding that is often used in these studies is conditioned suppression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinstatement of Conditioned Suppression in Mice

et al. 2006

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Return of fear after successful exposure therapy calls for a better understanding of the mechanisms of relapse. Classical conditioning research provides a useful framework for conceptualising the acquisition, extinction and reappearance of fear. The present paper focuses on reinstatement, the return of extinguished conditioned responses due to the experience of one or more unconditioned stimuli (USs) after extinction. This phenomenon illustrates that unpredictable USs can lead to a return of fear after successful exposure.The data we present is one of the first demonstrations that conditioned suppression of instrumental behaviour can be used as an index of classical conditioning in laboratory mice. The procedure proves to be a promising instrument for assessing fear in mice, both in the context of research aimed at unravelling the functional characteristics of learning and memory in healthy mice and in the context of research aimed at unravelling the neurobiological substrate of psychiatric disorders, e.g., in studies with transgenic and knockout mice. Using this procedure, we report the first observation of reinstatement of conditioned suppression in this species.

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Context effects on conditioning, extinction, and reinstatement in an appetitive conditioning preparation

Cited by 254 publications

References 17 publications

The Relative Activation of Associations Modulates Interference between Elementally Trained Cues

The Relative Activation of Associations Modulates Interference between Elementally Trained Cues

Differential inhibition using contextual stimuli

Reinstatement of Conditioned Suppression in Mice

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