Context extinction following conditioning with delayed reward enhances subsequent instrumental responding.

Reed, Phil; Reilly, Steve

doi:10.1037/0097-7403.16.1.48

Cited by 19 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The current data are problematic in this regard, as they show this simple relationship does not always hold (Blanco et al, 2012). Although there are plenty of demonstrations that context conditioning can suppress learning (Dickinson & Charnock, 1985;Reed & Reilly, 1990), other findings suggest this is only the case when the target-outcome association is strong, and that additional cues present during conditioning can sometimes potentiate an otherwise weak target-outcome association (Clarke et al, 1979;Schachtman et al, 1987). These findings imply, for this procedure, alternative accounts of the factors impacting human judgments of causation should be considered, including Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (Rescorla & Soloman, 1967).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Response-independent outcomes impact response rates and judgments of control differentially depending on rate of response-dependent outcomes

Reed

2015

Learn Behav

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Two experiments examined the impact of responseindependent outcome delivery on human rates of response and judgments of control in an instrumental conditioning task. In Experiment 1, when participants responded on a schedule with a relatively high probability of a response producing an outcome, a random ratio (RR-5), judgments of control declined as rates of response-independent outcomes increased. However, when response-dependent outcomes were delivered with a relatively low probability (RR-15), increasing the rate of response-independent outcomes increased rates of response and judgments of control. Experiment 2 replicated this effect, but also noted a differential effect of response-independent outcome and response-independent sensory presentations on response rate and judgments of causal effectiveness. Ratings of the context in which the conditioning occurred suggested these were correlated with total outcome presentation, and that the role of context on response rate and judgments of control may be important to consider.Keywords Judgment of control . Response rate . Response-independent outcomes . Context conditioning . Humans Understanding the conditions impacting judgments of control is important across a range of areas: basic cognitive functioning (Allan, 1993;Cheng, 1997;Einhorn & Hogarth, 1986;Nevin & Grace, 2000), applications in psychopathologies (Alloy & Abramson, 1979;Blanco, Matute, & Vadillo, 2012), development of therapies (Dimidjian, Barrera, Martell, Muñoz, & Lewinsohn, 2011;Koller & Kaplan, 1978), as well as in social (Crocker, 1981) and economic (Fenton-O'Creevy, Nicholson, Soane, & Willman, 2003;Reed, 1999) psychology. The circumstances under which the causal structure of the environment can be understood are also thought to be important across species (Alloy & Tabachnik, 1984;Wasserman, 1990). The latter suggestion has prompted a range of studies using procedures that are analogous to classical (Blanco, Matute, & Vadillo, 2011;Miller & Matute, 1996a) and instrumental (Reed, 1999(Reed, , 2001aWasserman, Chatlosh, & Neunaber, 1983) conditioning to explore the factors implicated in developing judgments of causation. Although these procedures do not employ Bbiologically^rel-evant stimuli (like food), they share procedural similarities with conditioning studies in which a response or stimuli is presented prior to an outcome.The similarity of findings between causal reasoning and learning studies depends on a wide number of factors (Miller & Matute, 1996b), including whether the task requires the individual to gain outcomes or assess the response-outcome relationships (Matute, 1996;Reed, 2001a). In fact, different processes operate when the outcome is hedonically or biologically neutral, as in most tasks of causal reasoning (Blanco et al., 2011), and when the outcome has some hedonic (Reed, 1994) or biological (Miller & Matute, 1996b) significance. The current series of experiments focuses on exploring causal judgments in a task retaining significant components of an instrumental condit...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Response-independent outcomes impact response rates and judgments of control differentially depending on rate of response-dependent outcomes

Reed

2015

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“…Research from the animal conditioning literature supports the notion that cues which do not appear to control behavior subsequently can demonstrate behavioral control if the cues that are controlling behavior are extinguished (e.g., Kaufman and Bolles 1981;Matzel et al 1985;Reed and Reilly 1990;Reilly et al 1996;Willkie and Masson 1976). For example, Kaufman and Bolles (1981) trained rats in a conditioned fear paradigm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Extinction of Over-selected Stimuli Causes Emergence of Under-selected Cues in Higher-functioning Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

Reed

Broomfield

McHugh

et al. 2008

J Autism Dev Disord

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Two experiments examined whether over-selectivity is the product of a post-acquisition performance deficit, rather than an attention problem. In both experiments, children with Autistic Spectrum Disorder were presented with a trial-and-error discrimination task using two, two-element stimuli and over-selected in both studies. After behavioral control by the previously over-selected stimulus was extinguished, behavioral control by the previously under-selected cue emerged without direct training. However, this effect was only found in higher-functioning children, and not with more severely impaired children. These findings suggest that over-selectivity is not simply due to a failure to attend to all of the stimuli presented. They also suggest that extinction of over-selected stimuli may be a fruitful line of intervention for clinical intervention for some individuals.

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“…The presence ofB fills the temporal gap between A and C and facilitates the learning of the A~C relationship. Analogous results have been found in instrumental training of animals (Reed & Reilly, 1990). Rescorla (1982) sought to determine how an intervening stimulus improves the acquisition of the relationship during classical conditioning.…”

Section: Contiguity Temporalmentioning

confidence: 92%

On the origin of personal causal theories

Young

1995

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Detecting the causal relations among environmental events is an important facet of learning. Certain variables have been identified which influence both human causal attribution and animal learning: temporal priority, temporal and spatial contiguity, covariation and contingency, and prior experience, Recent research has continued to find distinct commonalities between the influence these variables have in the two domains, supporting a neo-Humean analysis ofthe origins of personal causal theories. The cues to causality determine which event relationships will be judged as causal; personal causal theories emerge as a result of these judgments and in turn affect future attributions. An examination of animal learning research motivates further extensions of the analogy. Researchers are encouraged to study real-time causal attributions, to study additional methodological analogies to conditioning paradigms, and to develop rich learning accounts of the acquisition of causal theories.It has been noted on many occasions that the concept of causality underlies much of human cognition and represents one of the major factors used in forward and backward inference. In social realms, inferential skill allows us to predict the behavior ofothers and to determine why they behave as they do. In science, we are engaged in an enterprise in which we seek to determine the causal relationships among observables, such as lesion locations and their behavioral effects, neural network architectures and their performance, and biological processes and cancer. In everyday life we strive to discover causes of events (Why is there excessive paint peeling on my house? Why is my child crying?) and to predict the effects of actions (Will she call me after what I said last night? What if I take the job?).Causal attribution affords two primary advantages: prediction and control. If an organism can discover the causal nature ofevents, it can predict what events will follow others, and thus it will be able to prepare for the arrival of events that are important to its survival, its enjoyment, and so forth. Control over events can be established if the causing event is one that the organism can produce or prevent. This dichotomy, prediction and control, is captured in the traditional animal learning literature by the processes of classical conditioning and instrumental training. The parallels between causal attribution and animal learning are extensive (Killeen, 1981;Mackintosh, 1977;Shanks & Dickinson, 1987; Wasserman, 1990a 83The work of Shanks and Dickinson (1987) and Wasserman (1990b) is the basis of a significant trend in the understanding of causal attributions from an animal learning perspective (see, e.g., Baker, Mercier, ValleeTourangeau, Frank, & Pan, 1993;Chapman, 1991;Chapman & Robbins, 1990;Reed, 1992;Shanks, 1989;Van Hamme, Kao, & Wasserman, 1993;Wasserman, Elek, Chatlosh, & Baker, 1993;Young & DeBauche, 1993). In this manuscript, I will reconsider this framework in order to (1) determine how well recent research can be integrated int...

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Context extinction following conditioning with delayed reward enhances subsequent instrumental responding.

Cited by 19 publications

References 19 publications

Response-independent outcomes impact response rates and judgments of control differentially depending on rate of response-dependent outcomes

Response-independent outcomes impact response rates and judgments of control differentially depending on rate of response-dependent outcomes

Extinction of Over-selected Stimuli Causes Emergence of Under-selected Cues in Higher-functioning Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders

On the origin of personal causal theories

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