Contingency Tables Involving Small Numbers and the χ2 Test

Yates, F.

doi:10.2307/2983604

Cited by 1,181 publications

(698 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Background levels (null hypothesis) of convergent substitution pairs were estimated by a linear regression in which the posterior numbers of convergent changes were predicted by divergent changes 21 . Over-accumulation of convergent changes in a tree was examined by one-sided single-sample proportion tests 98 with Yate's continuity correction 99 and subsequent Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons 100 . Digestive enzyme branch pairs among independent carnivorous plant lineages were examined in the statistical test.…”

Section: Nature Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

et al. 2017

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Carnivorous plants exploit animals as a nutritional source and have inspired long-standing questions about the origin and evolution of carnivory-related traits. To investigate the molecular bases of carnivory, we sequenced the genome of the heterophyllous pitcher plant Cephalotus follicularis, in which we succeeded in regulating the developmental switch between carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves. Transcriptome comparison of the two leaf types and gene repertoire analysis identified genetic changes associated with prey attraction, capture, digestion and nutrient absorption. Analysis of digestive fluid proteins from C. follicularis and three other carnivorous plants with independent carnivorous origins revealed repeated co-options of stress-responsive protein lineages coupled with convergent amino acid substitutions to acquire digestive physiology. These results imply constraints on the available routes to evolve plant carnivory.

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Section: Nature Ecology and Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

et al. 2017

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“…Incidental pathology was diagnosed using WHO/ [ARC criteria for the rat (1973; 1976). Throughout, the data were statistically analysed using the Chi-square test for 2 x 2 contingency tables with a correction for small numbers according to Yates (1934). However, where the smallest expected value was less than 5, this test was inappropriate and the Fisher Exact Probability Test (Siegel, 1956) was employed instead, where indicated in the Results.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response of the rat to saccharin with particular reference to the urinary bladder

Chowaniec¹,

Hicks²

1979

Br J Cancer

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Summary.-Male and female Wistar rats were administered sodium saccharin for life (2 yr) either in the drinking water or diet. The maximum palatable dose of saccharin in the drinking water was found to be 2 g/kg/day and, even then, there was some voluntary restriction of fluid intake in the males. By contrast, double this dose -namely 4 g/kg/day, was palatable in the diet. A control group of rats of both sexes received saccharin-free diet and drinking water. Mild urothelial hyperplasias developed from 85 weeks in rats of both sexes receiving saccharin either in the drinking water or diet; the incidence was statistically significant in both the bladders and kidneys of rats receiving the higher dose of saccharin in the diet, but in the kidneys only of rats receiving the lower dose of saccharin in the drinking water. Telangiectasia of the vasa recta was significant in saccharin-treated rats of both sexes at both doses. A very low incidence of bladder tumours, exclusively in males receiving the higher saccharin dose in the diet was seen from 95 weeks. No consistent relationship between bladder epithelial hyperplasias and crystalluria could be demonstrated, although all 3 bladder tumours were associated with some form of mineralisation. Results suggest a particular susceptibility of males to saccharin treatment. The possibility that saccharin may promote, or enhance, the development of latent tumour cells already present in the experimental population, rather than initiate carcinogenesis per se is considered.

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“…Nei distances (Nei, 1972), within and between populations, were calculated. The results were expressed in matrical form and a dendrogram was elaborated using the method of Sneath and Sokal ( 1973 (Yates, 1934).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enzymatic polymorphism in natural populations of the sawfly Diprion pini L (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

Beaudoin¹,

Allais²,

Geri³

1997

Ann. For. Sci.

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Contingency Tables Involving Small Numbers and the χ2 Test

Cited by 1,181 publications

References 3 publications

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

Genome of the pitcher plant Cephalotus reveals genetic changes associated with carnivory

Response of the rat to saccharin with particular reference to the urinary bladder

Enzymatic polymorphism in natural populations of the sawfly Diprion pini L (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)

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