Contingent convertible bonds as countercyclical capital measures

Abstract

Background: The procyclical nature of capital models under the Basel II Accord has been widely criticised for exacerbating lending in economic expansions and restricting lending during economic contractions. These criticisms have led regulators to employ countercyclical measures in subsequent Basel accords. One of these measures, the countercyclical capital buffer (CCB), has been proposed as an effective countercyclical measure in expansionary periods as a deterrent to excessive lending through increased bank capital requirements.Aim: The effectiveness of the CCB during contractions is not obvious. Contingent convertible (CoCo) bonds – which are bond-like until triggered by a deterioration of a prescribed capital metric, at which point they convert into a form of equity – are explored as a supplementary countercyclical capital measure for such periods to establish whether or not they function effectively.Setting: The analysis is undertaken using global bank CoCo data, and then applied to South African banks.Methods: The Hodrick Prescott filter was applied to empirical historical data.Results: The CCB functions as a good countercyclical capital measure in times of economic expansion by absorbing losses and stabilising the capital base through equity issuance.Conclusion: The issuance of CoCo bonds – if their trigger mechanisms are designed correctly – may prove helpful to banks and the broader financial sector in times of economic contraction through the countercyclical capital properties that manifest through CoCo bonds under these economic conditions.

Exploring contingent convertible bond alternatives for African banks

“…For a COERC investor, apart from the attractive credit spread, the security will almost never convert to equity which makes it a feasible option for institutional fixed-income investors. From the perspective of the bank, the floating coupon is an attractive mechanism, as it further bolsters the financial position of a bank in periods of financial distress (see also Liebenberg et al 2016Liebenberg et al , 2017. Regulators would approve of the fact that the COERC is countercyclical in nature and loss-absorbing and current shareholders would benefit from the fact that their equity would not be diluted if the COERC reached the trigger share price.…”