Continual Sexual Receptivity in the Female Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Lemmon, W. B.; Allen, Melvin Lloyd

doi:10.1159/000155856

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…One behavioral category in which pregnant and cycling females did not differ was sexual interaction; as in menstrual cycles, anogenital swelling during chimpanzee pregnancy was associated with sexual activity [Wallis & Lemmon, 19861. These results were similar to previously published data for chimpanzee populations both in the wild [van Lawick-Goodall, 1969;Nishida, 1979;Tutin & McGinnis, 19811 and in captivity [Tinklepaugh, 1933;Yerkes, 1939;Lemmon & Allen, 1978;Wallis, 19821.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The period of anogenital swelling, particularly when maximal, is associated with both female-and male-initiated sexual behavior [Yerkes & Elder, 1936;Yerkes, 1939;van Lawick-Goodall, 1969;Lemmon & Allen, 1978;Nishida, 1979;Tutin & McGinnis, 1981;Wallis, 1982. Pregnant female chimpanzees also display irregular anogenital swelling, especially during the early months of gestation [Yerkes & Elder, 1936;Clark & Birch, 1948;van Lawick-Goodall, 1968;Wallis, 1982;Wallis & Lemmon, 19861. The hormonal mechanism involved in anogenital swelling during pregnancy is unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anogenital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees of Gombe National Park

Wallis

Goodall²

1993

American J Primatol

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Previous studies show that anogenital swelling patterns of pregnant chimpanzees in captivity are correlated with the female's age during pregnancy and are associated with changes in social behavior. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether the anogenital swelling patterns of free-ranging pregnant chimpanzees resemble those reported for captive chimpanzees. We reviewed the records of 47 pregnancies experienced by 20 female chimpanzees living in Gombe National Park from 1975 to 1992. Percentage scores for swelling during each trimester and for the overall occurrence of various levels of swelling were obtained by dividing the frequency by the total number of days the subject was observed (i.e., 28 days of swelling/l65 days observation = 17.2% anogenital swelling for that pregnancy). Subjects exhibited anogenital swelling an average of 25.1% of the days observed during pregnancy, yet reached maximum only 9.4% of the time. Anogenital swelling occurred less frequently as pregnancy progressed, averaging 40.8, 27.3, and 2.7% in the first, second, and third trimesters, respectively. As seen in captive chimpanzees, young pregnant females at Gombe showed anogenital swelling more often than did older ones (r = -.65, P < .0001). These findings are consistent with reports of behavior associated with anogenital swelling (e.g., intercommunity transfer of young females exhibiting anogenital swelling).

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anogenital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees of Gombe National Park

Wallis

Goodall²

1993

American J Primatol

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“…SAVAGZ-RUMBAUGH and WILKERSON (1978) reported that an adult P. paniscus female in captivity copulated at all phases of swelling. A laboratory study on 13 P. troglodytes females demonstrated that copulations occurred in all physiological states, except during lactation (LEMMON & ALLEN, 1978). SAVAGE-RUMBAUGH and WILKERSON (1978) also found that a caged P. troglodytes female copulated with a P. paniscus male throughout the swelling cycle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sexual swelling, receptivity, and grouping of wild pygmy chimpanzee females at Wamba, Zaïre

1987

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ABSTRACT. The sexual swelling and copulatory behavior of ten pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniseus) females in a wild group were studied at Wamba, Republic of Zaire. Since the maximum size of the sexual skin revealed great individual variations depending on age and adolescent females showed little cyclic fluctuation in size, the sexual swelling was measured according to its firmness which periodically fluctuated in all age classes. The duration of maximum swelling and the cycle length were longer in P. paniseus than in P. troglodytes. Although pregnant females and those with newborn infants were sexually inactive, females with infants older than 3 years copulated as frequently as those without dependent infants. Contrary to previous reports on the sexuality of P. paniseus, copulation was mostly restricted to the maximum swelling phase. All females were usually found in a large mixed party containing both sexes and offspring, regardless of their sexual receptivity.

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“…Again, as noted earlier, the elaborate periovulatory sexual swellings of Pan are an integral component of intense sperm competition, which hominids clearly lack. Moreover, whereas the loss of mammary cyclicity would be unlikely to evolve in Pan [copulation with lactating females is rare (99)], crypticism would not be a barrier in a context of copulatory vigilance within pair bonds (32,79). Moreover, elimination of cyclicity would protect a provisioning (and thereby heavily invested) male from cuckoldry, because prominent mammaries would discourage interest by extra-pair males.…”

Section: Owen Lovejoymentioning

confidence: 99%

Reexamining Human Origins in Light of Ardipithecus ramidus

Lovejoy

2009

Science

291

205

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Referential models based on extant African apes have dominated reconstructions of early human evolution since Darwin’s time. These models visualize fundamental human behaviors as intensifications of behaviors observed in living chimpanzees and/or gorillas (for instance, upright feeding, male dominance displays, tool use, culture, hunting, and warfare). Ardipithecus essentially falsifies such models, because extant apes are highly derived relative to our last common ancestors. Moreover, uniquely derived hominid characters, especially those of locomotion and canine reduction, appear to have emerged shortly after the hominid/chimpanzee divergence. Hence, Ardipithecus provides a new window through which to view our clade’s earliest evolution and its ecological context. Early hominids and extant apes are remarkably divergent in many cardinal characters. We can no longer rely on homologies with African apes for accounts of our origins and must turn instead to general evolutionary theory. A proposed adaptive suite for the emergence of Ardipithecus from the last common ancestor that we shared with chimpanzees accounts for these principal ape/human differences, as well as the marked demographic success and cognitive efflorescence of later Plio-Pleistocene hominids.

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Continual Sexual Receptivity in the Female Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Cited by 20 publications

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Anogenital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees of Gombe National Park

Anogenital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees of Gombe National Park

Sexual swelling, receptivity, and grouping of wild pygmy chimpanzee females at Wamba, Zaïre

Reexamining Human Origins in Light of Ardipithecus ramidus

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