Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China

Meng, Fei; Chen, Yan; Song, Zuchen; Zhong, Qian; Zhang, Yijie; Qiao, Chuanling; Cheng, Yan; Kong, Huihui; Liu, Liling; Liu, Chengjun; Yang, Huanliang; Chen, Hualan

doi:10.1007/s11427-022-2208-0

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…However, the combination of pdm09-originated PB2, PB1, PA and NP and CS-originated NS genes (pdm09/CS) had an obvious competitive advantage in pigs, which could be highly compatible with different surface genes of the enzootic swIAVs. The HA gene of EA H1N1 viruses introduced into China belonged to the 1C.2.3 clade [ 34 ], which was predominant in China and formed multiple genotypes through reassortment with the endemic swIAVs circulating in pigs [ 11 , 12 , 35 ]. They had a typical feature with their vRNP being derived from the pdm09/H1N1 virus and the NS gene from the CS virus (Supplementary Figure S2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several lines of evidence showed that EA H1N1 viruses owned the ability to bind to human-type receptors [ 12 ] and there were at least 36 human infections with EA H1N1 recorded [ 11 ]. In particular, the EA H1N1 swIAVs (genotypes 4 and 5) carrying internal gene segments from pdm09/H1N1 and the triple-reassortant (TR) lineage have become established in the pig population in China [ 11 ], and one of these had acquired increased human infectivity [ 9 ]. In addition, the pdm/09-like internal gene cassette was successfully incorporated into the swine H3N2 virus, and it has carried the surface genes from the recent human-like H3N2 (HL H3N2) lineage since 2010 [ 10 , 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China

Huang,

Yu,

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a persistent potential threat to human health because of the spillover from avian and swine infections. Extensive surveillance was performed in 12 cities of Guangxi, China, during 2018 and 2023. A total of 2540 samples (including 2353 nasal swabs and 187 lung tissues) were collected from 18 pig farms with outbreaks of respiratory disease. From these, 192 IAV-positive samples and 19 genomic sequences were obtained. We found that the H1 and H3 swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) of multiple lineages and genotypes have continued to co-circulate during that time in this region. Genomic analysis revealed the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swIAVs (G4) still remained predominant in pig populations. Strikingly, the novel multiple H3N2 genotypes were found to have been generated through the repeated introduction of the early H3N2 North American triple reassortant viruses (TR H3N2 lineage) that emerged in USA and Canada in 1998 and 2005, respectively. Notably, when the matrix gene segment derived from the H9N2 avian influenza virus was introduced into endemic swIAVs, this produced a novel quadruple reassortant H1N2 swIAV that could pose a potential risk for zoonotic infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China

Huang,

Yu,

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

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“…EA swine H1N1 viruses have been circulating in pig populations on the Eurasian continent [20]. Most human infections caused by H1N1 viruses are derived from direct exposure of pigs, and EA swine H1N1 viruses occasionally cause severe human infections [5,17,19]. A previous study also demonstrated that EA H1N1 viruses could become more harmful pathogens by accumulating mutations in the polymerase gene [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

Moon,

Na,

Shin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: Genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses, which are reassortants containing the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus lineage, triple reassortant lineage internal genes, and EA lineage external genes, have been reported in China since 2013. These have been predominant in pig populations since 2016 and have exhibited pandemic potential. Objectives: Examination of the circulation of G4 and its-related EA H1N1 viruses in Korea. Methods: We developed a one-step multiplex RT-qPCR that targeted M, HA1, and PB2 genes to detect G4 and its-related EA H1N1 viruses. We performed the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the multiplex RT-qPCR. The developed multiplex RT-qPCR was applied to swine respiratory samples between 2020 and 2022 in Korea. Results: Among the swine samples, a G4 EA H1N1 virus-related positive sample (6IP) was detected. Phylogenetic analysis based on all eight partial gene segments showed that 6IP contains nucleic acids of IAV segmented genes, which are closely related to G4 EA H1N1 viruses in HA, NA, PB2, NS, and NP genes. Conclusions: The developed multiplex RT-qPCR proved the sensitivity and specificity for the efficient surveillance of G4 and its-related EA H1N1 virus in clinical samples. Considering the phylogenetic analysis, additional screening for G4 EA H1N1 or its related viruses should be performed in future epidemiological studies.

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“…Influenza A viruses pose threats to animal and human health [ 1–7 ]. They are classified into different subtypes based on the antigenicity of their haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) proteins.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination

Hou,

Deng,

Cui

et al. 2024

Emerging Microbes & Infections

Self Cite

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Human infections with the H7N9 influenza virus have been eliminated in China through vaccination of poultry; however, the H7N9 virus has not yet been eradicated from poultry. Carefully analysis of H7N9 viruses in poultry that have sub-optimal immunity may provide a unique opportunity to witness the evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination. Between January 2020 and June 2023, we isolated 16 H7N9 viruses from samples we collected during surveillance and samples that were sent to us for disease diagnosis. Genetic analysis indicated that these viruses belonged to a single genotype previously detected in poultry. Antigenic analysis indicated that 12 of the 16 viruses were antigenically close to the H7-Re4 vaccine virus that has been used since January 2022, and the other four viruses showed reduced reactivity with the vaccine. Animal studies indicated that all 16 viruses were nonlethal in mice, and four of six viruses showed reduced virulence in chickens upon intranasally inoculation. Importantly, the H7N9 viruses detected in this study exclusively bound to the avian-type receptors, having lost the capacity to bind to human-type receptors. Our study shows that vaccination slows the evolution of H7N9 virus by preventing its reassortment with other viruses and eliminates a harmful characteristic of H7N9 virus, namely its ability to bind to human-type receptors.

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Continued evolution of the Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses in China

Cited by 16 publications

References 63 publications

Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China

Long-term co-circulation of multiple influenza A viruses in pigs, Guangxi, China

Evidence for the circulation of genotype 4 Eurasian avian-like lineage swine H1N1 viruses in Korean swine farms using a newly developed one-step multiplex RT-qPCR

Evolution of H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in the context of vaccination

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