Continued Transmission of HIV Among Young Adults Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco: Still Room for Improvement

Mirzazadeh, Ali; Evans, Jennifer L.; Hahn, Judith A.; Jain, Jennifer; Briceño, Alya; Shiboski, Stephen; Lum, Paula J.; Bentsen, Christopher; Davis, Geoff; Shriver, K; Dimapasoc, Melanie; Stone, Mars; Busch, Michael P.; Page, Kimberly

doi:10.1007/s10461-017-1988-y

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Although there have not been many prospective cohort studies conducted in the United States during approximately the same time period, the incidence rates using NHBS data seem to be in line with estimates obtained by others among MSM (range of 2.1–3.8 per 100 person-years) [24–26], PWID (range of 0.5–0.9 per 100 person-years) [27,28], and HET (0.3 per 100 person-years) [29] (Fig. 2).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Using serial cross-sectional surveys to create a retrospective nested cohort to determine HIV incidence from 20 US cities

Burnett,

Broz,

Berg

et al. 2023

Aids

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Objective: To estimate HIV incidence using successive cross-sectional surveys by creating retrospective nested cohorts among men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), and heterosexually active persons (HET). Design: Cohorts were created among participants who had at least one repeat observation across four surveillance cycles from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance in 20 U.S. cities. Methods: Repeat participants were identified using a combination of date of birth, race/ethnicity, metropolitan statistical area, and gender. The analysis was limited to participants who tested negative for HIV at baseline and were assumed to be at-risk between cycles. We calculated person-years at risk from the individual time between cycles and used the total number of seroconversions to estimate incidence and a Poisson distribution to approximate variance. Rate ratios were calculated by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and region. Results: From 2008 to 2019, successive surveys recaptured nested cohorts of 1,747 MSM, 3,708 PWID, and 1,396 HET. We observed an incidence rate of 2.5 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1 to 2.8) among MSM; 0.6 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.5 to 0.7) among PWID; and 0.3 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 0.1–0.4) among HET. HIV incidence was higher among younger MSM, Black MSM (compared to white MSM) and PWID residing in the South and Territories (compared to the Midwest). Conclusions: These estimates are consistent with previously published incidence estimates from prospective cohort studies among these populations. Using repeat cross-sectional surveys to simulate a cohort, may serve as another strategy in estimating HIV incidence.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Using serial cross-sectional surveys to create a retrospective nested cohort to determine HIV incidence from 20 US cities

Burnett,

Broz,

Berg

et al. 2023

Aids

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“…Although HIV incidence nationally among people who use drugs (PWUD) has decreased, new outbreaks of HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) emerging from the volatile opioid epidemic make them a priority population for HIV prevention [1][2][3][4]. In the Northeast, where almost half of all new HIV infections occur among PWUD, opioid-related harms, including opioid overdose, are creating a tremendous public health challenge [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rationale and design of an integrated bio-behavioral approach to improve adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV risk reduction among opioid-dependent people who use drugs: The CHRP-BB study

Shrestha

Altice

Sibilio

et al. 2019

Contemporary Clinical Trials

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Background: Few primary HIV prevention strategies have successfully integrated both behavioral and biomedical components, with modest HIV risk reduction outcomes among opioiddependent people who use drugs (PWUD). In response to this unmet need, we developed a brief, bio-behavioral intervention to simultaneously promote PrEP adherence and reduce HIV risk among opioid-dependent PWUD. Methods: Using a Hybrid Type I implementation science design, we will examine the efficacy of the integrated bio-behavioral, Community-friendly Health Recovery Program (CHRP-BB) compared to a time-and-attention matched control condition among HIV-negative, opioiddependent PWUD who are prescribed PrEP and enrolled in a methadone maintenance program (MMP) using a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Participants are assessed at baseline, immediately post-intervention (8 weeks) and follow-ups at weeks 20, 32, and 44 post-intervention. The primary outcome is biomedical (PrEP adherence), with secondary outcomes including behavioral (self-reported drug-and sex-related HIV risk behaviors), ongoing drug use (confirmed with urine drug testing), and related domains of the theoretical information-motivation-behavioral skills (IMB) model of behavior change related to PrEP adherence and HIV-transmission-risk reduction. Additionally, we will conduct a process evaluation of delivery/implementation of the intervention to collect valuable information to be used in future implementation.

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“…Injection drug use is the major route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection transmission in the United States 4 and accounts for a substantial proportion of new HIV diagnoses. 5,6 Therefore, methadone treatment is a public health strategy for HIV and HCV reduction in the United States. 7 Because methadone metabolism is mediated by multiple cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, it is susceptible to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with drugs that inhibit and/or induce CYP enzymes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the choice opiate substitution therapy, among other drugs such as buprenorphine, for opioid dependence among injection drug users. Injection drug use is the major route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection transmission in the United States and accounts for a substantial proportion of new HIV diagnoses . Therefore, methadone treatment is a public health strategy for HIV and HCV reduction in the United States .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug‐Drug Interaction Studies of Methadone and Antiviral Drugs: Lessons Learned

Younis

Lakota

Volpe

et al. 2019

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Different views appear in the literature on the extent of specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) involvement in methadone metabolism. The aim of this work is to leverage knowledge from drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies in new drug applications between methadone and antiviral medications to better understand methadone disposition and to inform design of future DDI studies with methadone. A database of DDI studies between all FDA-approved human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus medications and methadone was constructed. The database contains data from 29 DDI studies. Sixteen of the 29 studies had statistically significant changes in methadone area under the concentration-time curve. Methadone exposure was either decreased or unchanged when it was coadministered with weak to strong CYP3A inhibitors or a moderate CYP3A4 inducer. Methadone exposure was reduced when it was coadministered with CYP2B6 inducers. The role of other enzymes (CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6) cannot be fully elucidated from these studies. In conclusion, CYP2B6 plays a prominent role in methadone metabolism, although methadone exposure is not sensitive to CYP3A perturbation. In designing methadone DDI studies, (1) measuring R-and S-methadone is more informative than measuring total methadone, and (2) CYP2B6 genotyping of subjects enrolled in methadone DDI studies should be considered. Finally, there is a need for the development of predictive models to determine the influence of medications on methadone disposition.

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Continued Transmission of HIV Among Young Adults Who Inject Drugs in San Francisco: Still Room for Improvement

Cited by 9 publications

References 56 publications

Using serial cross-sectional surveys to create a retrospective nested cohort to determine HIV incidence from 20 US cities

Using serial cross-sectional surveys to create a retrospective nested cohort to determine HIV incidence from 20 US cities

Rationale and design of an integrated bio-behavioral approach to improve adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV risk reduction among opioid-dependent people who use drugs: The CHRP-BB study

Drug‐Drug Interaction Studies of Methadone and Antiviral Drugs: Lessons Learned

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