Continuing Occurrence of Thyroid Carcinoma after Irradiation to the Neck in Infancy and Childhood

Refetoff, Samuel; Harrison, J. Kevin; Bt, Karanfilski; El, Kaplan; Lj, De Groot; Bekerman, Carlos

doi:10.1056/nejm197501232920402

Cited by 217 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…This is consistent with other studies. [11][12][13][14] The current study is consistent with the previous study where the FNAC results of STNs showed that 65% of nodules were diagnosed as colloid goiter (n=98) followed by 12.6% cases as thyroiditis (n=19). 23 Surgical intervention is required for solitary thyroid nodules if there is any cytological suspicion or evidence of malignancy Therefore, all these subjects who were suspected with evidence of malignancy were subjected to definitive surgical intervention.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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A study on the clinical manifestations and the incidence of benign and malignant tumors in a solitary thyroid nodule

Chetan

Veeresalingam

et al. 2013

Int J Res Med Sci

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Tumors are either benign or malignant. The thyroid nodule, which is usually a clinical manifestation of most of the thyroid disorders, is one among them which has been the subject of controversies with divergent opinions and views. Clinical presentation of thyroid nodules varies widely ranging from solitary nodules to benign and malignant tumors. Thyroid nodules accounts up to 8% of the adult population having palpable nodules. However studies on its incidence in the population residing near seacoast are limited. Hence, the present study is carried in an aim to evaluate the clinico-pathological correlation of solitary thyroid nodule and the incidence of malignancy in the population residing at sea coast. The study is conducted in the Narayana Medical College & Hospital (NMCH), which is situated within 10-15 km radius of the seacoast in Nellore district of Andhra Pradesh, India. In this study, 73 subjects were selected who presented with thyroid swelling which was clinically confirmed as solitary thyroid nodule. Out of 73 cases, 12 cases (16.5%) were found to have malignant lesions with remaining 61 cases (83.5%) being benign lesions. The incidence of malignancy among solitary thyroid nodule subjects is up to 16.5% in the population residing near seacoast. Thus the present study warrants people to consult surgeons for early diagnosis and adequate treatment without being passive as most of these swellings are asymptomatic for long duration. [Int J Res Med Sci 2013; 1(4.000): 429-434

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Malignancy rates in the presence of radiation history is between 20-50%. 12,13 The thyroid gland carcinoma is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system. It accounts up to 10.5% of all malignant tumors of head and neck region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on the clinical manifestations and the incidence of benign and malignant tumors in a solitary thyroid nodule

Chetan

Veeresalingam

et al. 2013

Int J Res Med Sci

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“…infancy and childhood [19,20] and has been reported as a complication in patients treated for Hodgkin disease [21, 221 . The incidence of thyroid neoplasia in experimental animals following irradiation with 13' I can be reduced by hypophysectomy [23] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid function in pediatric patients after neck irradiation for Hodgkin disease

Green

Brecher

Yakar

et al. 1980

Med. Pediatr. Oncol.

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Thyroid function was evaluated in a consecutively treated group of children and adolescents with Hodgkin disease who received incidental radiation to the thyroid gland. Ten of 27 (36.7%) were found to have elevated concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Two groups of patients had an increased incidence of thyroid dysfunction - those who had not had a pretreatment lymphangiogram and those who were less than 13 years of age at the time of neck irradiation. The estimated percentage of patients who did not have a pretreatment lymphangiogram who will develop TSH elevation was 67.7% and of patients who were 13 years of age or less when irradiated, 64.8%. Thyroid dysfunction developed in 6/7 patients who had both of these risk factors present.

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“…There was a significant increase in the number of thyroid nodules in children in the 1950s, apparently as a result of previous irradiation of the head, neck and upper thorax used as a form of therapy for childhood conditions such as acne, enlarged tonsils and hemangiomas (Duffy & Fitzgerald 1950, Hempelmann 1968, De Groot & Paloyan 1973, Refetoff et al 1975, Favus et al 1976. After radiation ceased to be used for the treatment of these conditions the peak of thyroid carcinomas, which occurred between 1954 and 1960, declined by half (White & Smith 1986).…”

Section: Exposure To Radiation ÿ External or Internalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

Niedziela¹

2006

Endocr Relat Cancer

299

291

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According to the literature thyroid nodules are quite rare in the first two decades of life. However, there are some exceptions, relating to areas with an iodine deficiency or affected by radioactive fallout, where the risk of nodules and carcinomas is increased. Therefore, it is a great challenge for the physician to distinguish between benign and malignant lesions preoperatively, and not only in these areas of greater risk. A careful work-up, comprising the patient's history, clinical examination, laboratory tests, thyroid ultrasound, scintigraphy, fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and molecular studies, is mandatory to improve the preoperative diagnosis. The differential diagnosis should also include benign thyroid conditions such as: (i) congenital hypothyroidism due to dyshormonogenesis or ectopy, (ii) thyroid hemiagenesis, (iii) thyroglossal duct cyst, (iv) simple goiter, (v) cystic lesion, (vi) nodular hyperplasia, (vii) follicular adenoma, (viii) Graves' disease and (ix) Hashimoto thyroiditis, all of which can predispose to the development of thyroid nodules. The majority of thyroid carcinomas derive from the follicular cell (papillary, follicular, insular and undifferentiated (or anaplastic) thyroid carcinoma), whereas medullary thyroid carcinoma derives from calcitonin-producing cells. Inherited forms of thyroid cancer may occur, especially in relation to medullary thyroid carcinoma. FNAB is a critical factor in establishing the preoperative diagnosis. However, we should keep in mind the fact that a conventional cytological evaluation can miss the neoplastic nature of a lesion and the employment of immunocytochemical and molecular studies of aspirates from FNAB can give us a more precise diagnosis of neoplasia in thyroid nodules once they are detected.

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Continuing Occurrence of Thyroid Carcinoma after Irradiation to the Neck in Infancy and Childhood

Cited by 217 publications

References 19 publications

A study on the clinical manifestations and the incidence of benign and malignant tumors in a solitary thyroid nodule

A study on the clinical manifestations and the incidence of benign and malignant tumors in a solitary thyroid nodule

Thyroid function in pediatric patients after neck irradiation for Hodgkin disease

Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules in children

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