Continuity and Change in Reproductive Attitudes of Teenage Women, Their Mothers, and Maternal Grandmothers in South Africa

Abstract

During the past couple of decades, as South Africa has undergone a political and social transformation, conditions for reproduction and reproductive health have changed. Against the backdrop of these societal changes, the objectives of this cross-sectional study were to trace continuity and change in reproductive attitudes on an individual level, through three generations of women linked to each other by kin in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. This study is defined within the psychological theoretical framework called Values of Children, and the specific aims for this study were to explore the three generations of women's preferred timing of their first childbirth, their desired number of children and sex of the offspring, and the women's deeper motivations behind the wish for children. Participants (n =516) were chosen using a multi-staqe cluster sampling procedure, and face-to-face structured interviews were conducted. Factor analysis indicated that the women have two main motivations to have children, namely Social/Emotional values of children and Traditional/ Utilitarian values of children. However, the motivations to bear children seemed to be less emphasised by the teenage women as compared to their mothers and maternal grandmothers. Likewise, the data revealed a change in reproductive attitudes in that teenage women wished to have fewer children later in their lives than the older generations. Stronger daughter preferences than son preferences were presented in one-child scenarios in all generations, yet the strongest emphasis on a daughter was found in the young generation. In the light of the huge social changes in the country, Downloaded from Continuity and change in reproductive attitudessuch as the explosion of HIV infections and the abolishment of the apartheid regime including its racial family planning programmes, we expected more dramatic changes in reproductive attitudes in three generations of women than those which we found.

Environmental Attitudes Among Undergraduate Students at a&nbsp;South African University<br /> &nbsp;

“…Items such as 'I really like going on trips into the countryside, for example to the bushveld or nature reserves', 'One of the most important reasons to keep dams and rivers clean is so that people have a place to enjoy water sports', and 'I'd prefer a garden that is wild and natural to a well-groomed and ordered one' probably would not make much sense to students who come from very impoverished communities (which is the case with a significant portion of the student sample) where the notions of going on trips, enjoying water sports, or owning a garden would be completely foreign. Other items such as 'Families should be encouraged to limit themselves to two children or less' would be incongruent with prevailing traditional notions in some African cultures of the utilitarian values of children (Sam, Peltzer & Mayer, 2005;Spjeldnaes, Sam, Moland, & Peltzer, 2007), and risk the imposition of prevailing Western ideological and normative positions related to family structures, and the subsequent marginalization or 'problematization' of indigenous African ideologies.…”