“…Bladder volume monitoring using electrical impedance (EI) techniques has been studied in simulation , with simplified tank-based measurements (He et al, 2012;, on animals (Denniston and Baker, 1975;Zariffa et al, 2016), and on humans (Kim et al, 1998;Leonhardt et al, 2011;Liao and Jaw, 2011;Zariffa et al, 2016, Shin, et al, 2017. Human studies have shown strong correlation of bladder volume with the processed EI data (Leonhardt et al, 2011;Li et al, 2016), highlighting the feasibility of EI to continuously monitor bladder volume in clinical situations.…”