Continuous cropping obstacles of medicinal plants: Focus on the plant-soil-microbe interaction system in the rhizosphere

Impact of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Environment on the Metabolic Profile of Medicinal Plants and Their Therapeutic Potential

“…Beneficial microbes dwelling in the rhizosphere contribute to the plant’s resilience by facilitating nutrient uptake, modulating stress responses, and participating in the breakdown of metal complexes in the soil [ 69 , 134 ]. The dynamic interaction between the rhizosphere microbiome and medicinal plants helps us understand the complex mechanisms by which microbial interactions influence the plants ability to thrive in metal-contaminated environments [ 133 ].…”

“…(ii) Mycorrhizal associations: Mycorrhizal symbioses form another critical dimension of soil microbial interactions that impact heavy metal-plant dynamics. Mycorrhizal associations, a noteworthy component of these interactions, exhibit the capacity to amplify the plant’s tolerance to heavy metals and modulate its antioxidant responses [ 133 ]. These associations exert influence over the uptake of heavy metals, playing a role in modulating the antioxidant responses of medicinal plants.…”

“…The consequences of these interactions resonate in the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense mechanisms, metal uptake processes, and the activation of stress response pathways within plants. In essence, the rhizosphere serves as a dynamic platform where the language of molecular signaling governs the cooperative interactions between plants and their underground microbial counterparts, ultimately influencing the plant’s ability to navigate challenges presented by metal stress [ 133 ].…”

“…[ 69,81,133,134] Soil pH and composition Soil properties, including pH and composition, interact with metal availability. Plant species may exhibit differential responses based on their preferences for specific soil conditions, influencing metal bioavailability and uptake.…”