2019
DOI: 10.1038/s41567-019-0533-5
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Continuous force and displacement measurement below the standard quantum limit

Abstract: Quantum mechanics dictates that the precision of physical measurements must be subject to certain constraints. In the case of inteferometric displacement measurements, these restrictions impose a 'standard quantum limit' (SQL), which optimally balances the precision of a measurement with its unwanted backaction 1 . To go beyond this limit, one must devise more sophisticated measurement techniques, which either 'evade' the backaction of the measurement 2 , or achieve clever cancellation of the unwanted noise at… Show more

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Cited by 210 publications
(174 citation statements)
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“…According to the results in Fig. 4, this lies well within the sensitivity range of most state-of-the-art ultra-sensitive micromechanical sensors [32,[42][43][44][45][46], which can even resolve motion on the quantum level [31,47,48]. Thus, the acoustic-induced mode splitting is experimentally measurable.…”
supporting
confidence: 68%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…According to the results in Fig. 4, this lies well within the sensitivity range of most state-of-the-art ultra-sensitive micromechanical sensors [32,[42][43][44][45][46], which can even resolve motion on the quantum level [31,47,48]. Thus, the acoustic-induced mode splitting is experimentally measurable.…”
supporting
confidence: 68%
“…It is convenient to define mechanical and acoustic quality factors as Q x ≡ ω x /γ x and Q p ≡ ω p /γ p , respectively. Experimental values for Q x exceed Q x 10 8 both in nanofabricated resonators [28][29][30][31] and levitated systems [32,33]. Regarding Q p , unusually high values (Q p ≈ 10 5 − 10 7 ) have been reported in millimeter-sized Yttrim-Iron-Garnet (YIG) spheres [18,34], but no measurements have been performed for isolated micromagnets of the sizes considered in this article.…”
mentioning
confidence: 93%
“…Detection of the mechanical squeezing requires a detection of mechanical displacement with sub-shot-noise precision. This can be done by different means, e.g., either by a back-action-evading operation [52], a squeezingenhanced [53] or a variational [54] measurement, or by swapping the mechanical state with the state of a reddetuned pulse [8,11,55] and subsequent optical tomography. Evaluation of this task however goes beyond the scope of the current manuscript.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The sensing sensitivity is now set by the SQL where back-action noise caused by photon momentum kicks, and imprecision noise caused by phase fluctuations contribute equally, yielding a displacement readout sensitivity of 2 × σ zpf . However, the SQL does not correspond to a fundamental quantum limit [62]. Methods to read out the mechanical motion whilst minimizing or evading the effects of back-action are known as quantum nondemolition measurements.…”
Section: Continuous Optical Sensingmentioning
confidence: 99%