Continuous glucose monitoring devices: A brief presentation (Review)

Abstract

As diabetes prevalence is continuously increasing, better management is needed to achieve blood glucose control, in order to prevent complications and lessen the burden of this disease. Since the first measurement of glycosuria at the beginning of the 1900s', huge advances were made in monitoring glycemia. Continuous glucose monitoring systems revolutionized diabetes management, especially for patients with type 1 diabetes. Avoiding glycemic variability and maintaining optimal glycemic control is crucial for the evolution of patients with type 1 diabetes. The usefulness of glycemic monitoring devices can be extended to patients with type 2 diabetes. It is also important to note that in those patients at risk of developing high glycemic variability (e.g. patients with advanced chronic kidney disease), continuous glycemic monitoring may improve their prognosis. These monitoring systems can be classified according to the analytical method, the degree of invasiveness, the data availability and the mode of usage. The technology is constantly improving in bioanalytical performance, biocompatibility, length of wearing time, safety and clinical features. The aim of this review was to briefly present the main characteristics of glucose biosensors, glucose monitoring systems and their clinically utility.

Survey of Transfer Learning Approaches in the Machine Learning of Digital Health Sensing Data

“…The sensors that adhere to the skin, such as patches, are mostly wireless and water-resistant; they can monitor and collect large amounts of continuous data for cardiologists for up to 30 days. Smart continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are common portable devices that allow patients to measure the glucose levels in their blood [22]. This smart device is small in size and can be connected to a smartphone to monitor blood sugar levels over time, and have the ability to share the information with healthcare providers [22].…”

“…Smart continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems are common portable devices that allow patients to measure the glucose levels in their blood [22]. This smart device is small in size and can be connected to a smartphone to monitor blood sugar levels over time, and have the ability to share the information with healthcare providers [22]. There are three CGM modalities based on the method of placing the sensors: non-invasive (based on optical sensors, such as contact lenses that do not require skin puncture), minimally invasive (based on a microneedle-type sensor), and invasive (based on an implantable sensor that is inserted under the skin) [22,23].…”

“…This smart device is small in size and can be connected to a smartphone to monitor blood sugar levels over time, and have the ability to share the information with healthcare providers [22]. There are three CGM modalities based on the method of placing the sensors: non-invasive (based on optical sensors, such as contact lenses that do not require skin puncture), minimally invasive (based on a microneedle-type sensor), and invasive (based on an implantable sensor that is inserted under the skin) [22,23]. Machine Learning (ML), including Deep Learning (DL), methods have been widely employed across diverse domains, particularly in healthcare, to enhance the well-being and safety of individuals.…”

Phenylboronic acid conjugated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coated Ag dendrite for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensing

“…Therefore, blood glucose monitoring is the premise and basis of diabetes diagnosis and treatment. [3][4][5][6] The glucose sensor mainly comprises a sensing electrode and a converter, in which the modified electrode can selectively catalyze glucose oxidation on the electrode surface. The converter converts the chemical reaction signal for glucose into an electrical signal.…”

Utilising a Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitor as Part of a Low Glycaemic Index and Load Diet and Determining Its Effect on Improving Dietary Intake, Body Composition and Metabolic Parameters of Overweight and Obese Young Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial

“…Real-time continuous glucose monitor (rtCGM), a type of digital health tool classified under decision support systems, has been approved by the FDA, which ensures its safety for use. Studies have shown that this device has helped in managing diabetes by improving glycaemic control, reducing hypoglycaemic events, reducing body weight and calorie intake, increasing adherence to eating plans and several other health improvements [ 4 ].…”