Continuous Glucose Monitoring: Professional and Real Time

Abstract

Continuous glucose monitors are a valuable tool to obtain tight glycemic control in people with diabetes. Since 1999 when the first continuous glucose monitor became commercially available, continuous glucose monitors have continued to evolve, becoming more accurate and user-friendly. Novel uses have also been discovered, including tracking glucose during sleep and finding trends in glucose levels that may lead to diet or exercise changes. While continuous glucose monitors are continually advancing in accuracy and reliability, their 'hassle factor' and invasiveness have investigators seeking alternative routes of glucose measurement. New models of continuous glucose monitors are being pursued including implantable, intraperitoneal, and fluorescence-based glucose sensors, as well as noninvasive models that are used on the surface of the skin. Regardless of system type, the ultimate goal is to find the continuous glucose monitor that is best-suited for use in systems that automate insulin delivery partially (e.g. low glucose suspend) or entirely (e.g. 'fully closed-loop' artificial pancreas).A continuous glucose monitor is a device that measures the concentration of glucose in the subcutaneous (interstitial) fluid, automatically and periodically. Compared to self-monitoring with a glucose meter, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) measurements can give patients and healthcare providers a better understanding of glycemic trends and patterns. This is because CGM provides much more data than selfmonitoring and can be quite accurate in portraying the direction and speed of glucose changes. However, individual glucose measurements tend to be less accurate with

Acceptability of Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Free-Living Healthy Individuals: Implications for the Use of Wearable Biosensors in Diet and Physical Activity Research

“…One example of wearable biosensors with the potential to be used in behavioral research is the continuous glucose monitor (CGM). The CGM measures the concentration of glucose subcutaneously (interstitial fluid) in real time through a tiny sensor inserted under the skin [ 10 ]. It has been primarily utilized by type 1 diabetic patients treated by intensive insulin therapy to make treatment decisions that promote glycemic control [ 11 ].…”

RSSDI-ESI clinical practice recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus 2020

“…This has been further endorsed by the fact that CE (Conformite Europeenne) and US FDA have approved some CGM devices for adjustment of insulin dosages [ Figure 15 ]. [ 750 751 752 ] CGMs broadly fall into two categories. The 'Professional CGM' (P-CGM), meant for the healthcare professionals to record the patient's ambulatory glucose values, which are then downloaded and used for retrospective review and analysis.…”

How Can IoT Improve the Life-quality of Diabetes Patients?

“…These systems collect glucose data and store it in a hospital information system, which makes it possible for medical staff to access real-time data from their patients [19]. Since the first CGM was presented and made available in 1999, several continuous glucose monitors have continued to evolve to become more accurate and user-friendly [20]. Statistics have demonstrated that CGM may reduce patient's long-term complications between 40% and 75% of the time [20].…”

“…Since the first CGM was presented and made available in 1999, several continuous glucose monitors have continued to evolve to become more accurate and user-friendly [20]. Statistics have demonstrated that CGM may reduce patient's long-term complications between 40% and 75% of the time [20]. The CGM can also be equipped with an alarm system, which may help the patient to take the correct actions when it comes to their diet, physical experience and remind them when it is time to take their medications [19].…”