Continuous Lithium Extraction from Aqueous Solution Using Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization

Ha, Yuncheol; Jung, Hye Bin; Lim, Hyunseung; Jo, Pil Sung; Yoon, Ho Kyoung; Yoo, Chung‐Yul; Pham, Tuan Kiet; Ahn, Wook; Cho, Younghyun

doi:10.3390/en12152913

Cited by 39 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Lab studies indicate that (M)CDI can be used for ultra-pure water production [ 496 ], selective removal of scale-forming ions (such as calcium and magnesium ions) for water softening [ 503 ], heavy metal removal [ 496 , 497 ], selective removal of nutrients (phosphate and nitrate) [ 496 ], water treatment for irrigation [ 504 ], water disinfection [ 497 ], and the removal of organic compounds through a combination of capacitive and Faradaic adsorption [ 497 ] or photocatalytic reactions [ 505 ]. FCDI has extensive applications, including water softening [ 506 ], ammonia recovery [ 385 , 507 ], nutrient species (phosphate and nitrate) recovery [ 508 , 509 ], heavy metal recovery (copper [ 510 ]), lithium extraction [ 511 ], divalent and monovalent ion separation [ 512 ], and uranium-polluted groundwater treatment [ 513 ]. In addition, (M)CDI and ED can be superior alternatives to RO for home-scale potable water desalination, due to the reduced importance of energy efficiency for small production volumes and potentially decreased maintenance costs.…”

Section: Brackish Water Desalination: Which Technology To Choose?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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Climate change, population growth, and increased industrial activities are exacerbating freshwater scarcity and leading to increased interest in desalination of saline water. Brackish water is an attractive alternative to freshwater due to its low salinity and widespread availability in many water-scarce areas. However, partial or total desalination of brackish water is essential to reach the water quality requirements for a variety of applications. Selection of appropriate technology requires knowledge and understanding of the operational principles, capabilities, and limitations of the available desalination processes. Proper combination of feedwater technology improves the energy efficiency of desalination. In this article, we focus on pressure-driven and electro-driven membrane desalination processes. We review the principles, as well as challenges and recent improvements for reverse osmosis (RO), nanofiltration (NF), electrodialysis (ED), and membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). RO is the dominant membrane process for large-scale desalination of brackish water with higher salinity, while ED and MCDI are energy-efficient for lower salinity ranges. Selective removal of multivalent components makes NF an excellent option for water softening. Brackish water desalination with membrane processes faces a series of challenges. Membrane fouling and scaling are the common issues associated with these processes, resulting in a reduction in their water recovery and energy efficiency. To overcome such adverse effects, many efforts have been dedicated toward development of pre-treatment steps, surface modification of membranes, use of anti-scalant, and modification of operational conditions. However, the effectiveness of these approaches depends on the fouling propensity of the feed water. In addition to the fouling and scaling, each process may face other challenges depending on their state of development and maturity. This review provides recent advances in the material, architecture, and operation of these processes that can assist in the selection and design of technologies for particular applications. The active research directions to improve the performance of these processes are also identified. The review shows that technologies that are tunable and particularly efficient for partial desalination such as ED and MCDI are increasingly competitive with traditional RO processes. Development of cost-effective ion exchange membranes with high chemical and mechanical stability can further improve the economy of desalination with electro-membrane processes and advance their future applications.

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Section: Brackish Water Desalination: Which Technology To Choose?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

et al. 2021

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“…While the underpinning mechanism relating to salt removal in FCDI can be partially attributed to capacitive adsorption (i.e., ion migration in an electrical field followed by storage in oppositely charged electrodes), electrodialysis effects also play an important role due to the use of flowable electrodes (composed of active materials, conductive additives, and aqueous/organic electrolyte) in FCDI systems. , By continuously replenishing the electrode chamber with new or regenerated particle electrodes, FCDI exhibits high desalting efficiency and the possibility of continuous operation. − An extremely high flow efficiency of ∼100% can also be attained since the desalinated stream and the brine stream are generated in different chambers . The ease of management of the flow-electrodes in an ex-situ apparatus provides opportunities for broadening FCDI applications (e.g., to resource concentration and recovery). − In addition, FCDI cells could, potentially, be integrated with renewable energy sources (e.g., solar, wind, tides, and geothermal heat) and used in remote off-grid power areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) Brief timeline highlighting the historical developments of FCDI technology based on selected papers, − ,− ,,,,,,,, [Adapted with permission from refs (Copyright 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry), (Copyright 2018 Elsevier), (Copyright 2015 Royal Society of Chemistry), (Copyright 2014 Elsevier), (Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society), (Copyright 2017 Royal Society of Chemistry), (Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society), and (Copyright 2019 Elsevier)] and (b) number of publications in the FCDI area since 2013. Publications are categorized based on their main research topics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI): Recent Developments, Environmental Applications, and Future Perspectives

Zhang

Lei

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

182

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With the increasing severity of global water scarcity, a myriad of scientific activities is directed toward advancing brackish water desalination and wastewater remediation technologies. Flow-electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI), a newly developed electrochemically driven ion removal approach combining ion-exchange membranes and flowable particle electrodes, has been actively explored over the past seven years, driven by the possibility of energy-efficient, sustainable, and fully continuous production of high-quality fresh water, as well as flexible management of the particle electrodes and concentrate stream. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances of this interesting technology with particular attention given to FCDI principles, designs (including cell architecture and electrode and separator options), operational modes (including approaches to management of the flowable electrodes), characterizations and modeling, and environmental applications (including water desalination, resource recovery, and contaminant abatement). Furthermore, we introduce the definitions and performance metrics that should be used so that fair assessments and comparisons can be made between different systems and separation conditions. We then highlight the most pressing challenges (i.e., operation and capital cost, scale-up, and commercialization) in the full-scale application of this technology. We conclude this state-of-the-art review by considering the overall outlook of the technology and discussing areas requiring particular attention in the future.

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“…The flowing cations and anions, such as Na + and Cl – in the saline feed stream, are attracted to oppositely charged electrodes in an electric field and adsorbed in the electric double layers (EDL) formed on the electrode/water interfaces by electrostatic interaction, thus producing a desalinated stream. Recently, it has been reported that such a salt-removal mechanism originates from both the capacitive contribution and the electrodialysis contribution depending on the experimental conditions, including electrode content, feed concentration, and applied cell potential. − In order to improve the salt-removal capacitance in CDI desalination, various approaches have been proposed, including the introduction of ion-exchange membranes for the prevention of ion adsorption onto oppositely charged electrodes during discharging (Membrane CDI), , and various cell configurations have been investigated. − One important improvement over CDI is the introduction of a slurry-type flow electrode rather than a solid-type fixed electrode (FCDI). ,− For an FCDI desalination cell, ions adsorbed onto suspended electrodes flow out of the cell. At the same time, fresh electrodes are continuously supplied to the cell, allowing for continuous ion removal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Desalination Performance of Flow- and Fixed-Capacitive Deionization using Redox-Active Quinone

Tran

Phuoc

Yoon

et al. 2020

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Capacitive deionization (CDI) has newly emerged as a desalination technology because of its energy and costeffectiveness. In particular, CDI using a flow electrode (FCDI) significantly increased salt removal by continuous desalination even at salt concentrations of both brackish and seawater. Since CDI mainly uses the electrosorption of salt ions onto an electric double layer on electrodes, carbon materials and their derivatives have been widely used. Even with various approaches, including modification and synthesis of new carbon-based electrode materials, the salt-removal capacity of CDI and FCDI is still limited by the accessible surface area and charge-transfer properties of carbon electrodes. Hydroquinone (HQ) is a redox-active organic molecule with highly reversible properties in electrochemical reactions and is a low-cost and non-toxic material. In this study, we introduced quinone in the activated carbon (AC) electrodes for CDI and FCDI desalination systems. It exhibited a significant increase in salt-removal performance (for CDI, more than a 65% increase for 300 mM HQ, and for FCDI, more than a 19% increase for 500 mM HQ). Even though the specific surface area of an HQ-added AC electrode is reduced because of the penetration of small HQ molecules into pores in the AC surface, the pseudocapacitive contribution from HQ and benzoquinone (BQ) increased the saltremoval performance. We analyzed such electrochemical properties by using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. We expect that such an approach will open a new door for realizing excellent deionization of saline water, even of seawater, and will have a strong potential for large-scale desalination and energy-storage systems.

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Continuous Lithium Extraction from Aqueous Solution Using Flow-Electrode Capacitive Deionization

Cited by 39 publications

References 35 publications

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Frontiers of Membrane Desalination Processes for Brackish Water Treatment: A Review

Flow Electrode Capacitive Deionization (FCDI): Recent Developments, Environmental Applications, and Future Perspectives

Improved Desalination Performance of Flow- and Fixed-Capacitive Deionization using Redox-Active Quinone

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