“…Based on this point, the adaptive nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode control (ANFTSMC) integrates all advantages of the AC and NTSMC methods, and becomes a new research hotspot [ 8 , 9 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. Although these algorithms have achieved good results, there are still some problems to further studied: (i) Most methods [ 9 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 26 , 29 , 31 , 34 ] have been demonstrated only in the simulations but not applied in the practical systems under input saturation constraint; (ii) Some methods [ 8 , 23 , 30 ] depend on the dynamic model, resulting in poor applicability under disturbances; (iii) The researchers rarely have clarified the convergence time after introducing adaptive control; (iv) These works are difficult to achieve high performance both in the low-speed tracking and large-angle swing scanning applications. It is worth noting that a good solution to the second problem in [ 7 ], the authors designed an adaptive sliding mode control based on the ESO for an electro-mechanical servo system with unknown friction and input saturation constraint.…”