Continuous Polarographic Analysis of Ion Exchange Effluents

Deoxygenation, Deaeration and Degassing: A Survey and Evaluation of Methods

“…The partial pressure of particular gases above the liquid may be reduced The method has been used widely in polaroqraphic studies and different through columns with particulate packings (19) or in columns consisting of a narrow tube (20). where turbulent flow is ensured at relatively low flow rates.…”

Use of mercury drop electrodes for polarographic measurements in flowing solutions

“…Early flow-through detectors with a DME had elaborate designs and a large dead volume [17, [66][67][68]. The growing interest in HPLC during the 1970s led to additional requirements for detector construction and performance.…”

“…The first involves placing the mercury drop in the flowing channel (Figure 5a,b,e,f), in the second group, the electrode is placed in a larger compartment and the solution flows toward the electrode surface through a nozzle (Figure 5c,d,g,h). The first group may be used with parallel [ 17, 51,66], opposite 117, 511, or perpendicular (Figure 5e [ l , 51, 731 and f [35,74,751) flow. It is easy to reproduce the capillary position, especially if its tip is cone shaped.…”

“…Silicon rubber and Teflon are very permeable to oxygen-if one of these materials is used, the tubing should be inserted into the thick-walled tygon tube. Bubbling the inert gas into the flowing solution in addition to an inner support for increasing the contact area [66] as well as using inert segmentating gas in Technicon-type analyzers [ 811 are alternate methods. In both methods it is necessary to remove the gas bubbles before the detector.…”

“…Among the inorganic ions determined were cadmium [45,46,52,87,88], cobalt (661, copper [40, 52, 60, 66, 881, iron [88], manganese [66], nickel [66, 681, lead [37,45,46], thallium [ 271, zinc [37,45,46, 581, and the anions iodide, bromide, chloride, and thiocyanide [89], sulfide and cyanide [90], and pertechnetate [47]. The determined organic compounds included nitrocompounds such a s nitrobenzene [35, 74, 75, 80, 871, ni- trophenols [56, 75, 80, 87, 911, nitrotoluenes [92, 931, nitronaphtalenes [94], nitropyridine derivatives [95], nitrofuran derivatives [96], nitrobenzoic acids [ Table 3.…”