Innovation in the
pharmaceutical industry has been limited for
a long time to the research and development of new active compounds;
meanwhile, the structure of the production, dominated by batchwise
technologies, has not changed to date. As has already been demonstrated
in several other industrial sectors, continuous manufacturing (CM)
has many advantages over batch processes. Faster, cheaper, and more
flexible production can be developed with a significantly higher level
of quality assurance. In the recent years the main regulatory agencies
recognized the need for a change in drug production and started to
promote continuous technologies and encourage pharmaceutical companies
to develop and adapt such processes. As a result, by today extensive
research was conducted in the various fields of pharmaceutical technologies
from drug substance to drug product manufacturing. Many publications
deal with synthetic steps carried out in flow reactors and crystallizations
implemented in a continuous manner, and on the formulation side continuous
filtration, drying, granulation, and blending have all been studied
to a lesser or greater extent. Moreover, besides the modification
of these traditional processes to continuous operation, novel, intrinsically
continuous technologies are being studied as well. In order to entirely
exploit the advantages of CM, the mainly separately developed processes
need to be integrated to form end-to-end systems from the raw materials
to the final dosage forms. However, even the integration of two technological
steps is a challenging task. The development of end-to-end systems
requires deep process understanding and a holistic approach toward
process development and optimization. The aim of this work is to give
insight into the state-of-the-art and new directions in integrated
continuous pharmaceutical technologies by critically reviewing the
recent literature of the broad field.