Continuous production of fatty acid methyl esters from soybean oil deodorized distillate and methyl acetate at supercritical conditions

Hydrodynamic Cavitation Effects on Advanced Oxidation Processes and Mass Transfer: A Conceptual Model

“…The presence of a SCW domain can explain the enhanced mass transfer and reactant contact achieved through cavitation to boost the biodiesel yield. Supercritical methods have proved to be quite efficient in accelerating biodiesel production from different sources [28,52].…”

Techno-Economic Analysis of Interesterification for Biodiesel Production

“…15 Interesterification can be catalyzed with homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts or conducted non-catalytically under supercritical conditions. Non-catalytic interesterification has been explored by several authors, 17,18 but the relatively high temperatures required can lead to undesirable effects, such as thermal degradation of the biodiesel. 17,19 Homogeneous catalysts provide relatively fast reaction rates; 20 however, compared to heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts require costly and energy-intensive downstream separations to remove the dissolved catalyst and tend to be more difficult to reuse.…”

“…Interesterification can be catalyzed with homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts or conducted non-catalytically under supercritical conditions. Non-catalytic interesterification has been explored by several authors, , but the relatively high temperatures required can lead to undesirable effects, such as thermal degradation of the biodiesel. , Homogeneous catalysts provide relatively fast reaction rates; however, compared to heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts require costly and energy-intensive downstream separations to remove the dissolved catalyst and tend to be more difficult to reuse. − Typically, alkaline-catalyzed transesterification reactions are faster than acid-catalyzed ones, with acid catalysts requiring reaction times on the order of hours, compared to minutes in the case of alkaline catalysts, for comparable conversions. ,, However, alkaline catalysts are sensitive to water and free fatty acid contaminants common in waste oil which can poison the catalyst and promote saponification. , Therefore, the TG feed to a reactor loaded with an alkaline catalyst must be purified, contributing to elevated feedstock costs in alkaline-catalyzed biodiesel plants.…”

“…Non-catalytic interesterification has been explored by several authors, 17,18 but the relatively high temperatures required can lead to undesirable effects, such as thermal degradation of the biodiesel. 17,19 Homogeneous catalysts provide relatively fast reaction rates; 20 however, compared to heterogeneous catalysts, homogeneous catalysts require costly and energy-intensive downstream separations to remove the dissolved catalyst and tend to be more difficult to reuse. 20−22 Typically, alkaline-catalyzed transesterification reactions are faster than acid-catalyzed ones, with acid catalysts requiring reaction times on the order of hours, compared to minutes in the case of alkaline catalysts, for comparable conversions.…”