Continuous production of isoamyl acetate from fusel oil under supercritical CO2: A mass transfer approach

Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis

“…If the search is carried out with a change in the type of reactor to “fluidized bed reactor”, an additional 15 articles will be added to the list. Among these, only 16 articles, specifically related to the food industry, are included in Table 2 [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. In this case, there was no restriction on the reactor volume as all the papers refer to preliminary studies, and the reactor dimensions are relatively small, usually in the order of a few centimeters or even millimeters.…”

Fusel Oil: Chemical Composition and an Overview of Its Potential Application

“…In some researches the increase was only in the FO amount 36,47,48,53 and in others only in carboxylic acid quantity. 14,15,43,49 In most cases, the increase in the reactants concentration tends to positively influence the reaction, shifting it to increased product formation. 43,47 Nevertheless, this increase must be evaluated, since an excess of FO can promote the dehydration of enzymatic catalysts, such as Novozyme ® 435, 47 and the excess of carboxylic acid can cause the FO dilution, blocking the chemisorption of the substrates in the adsorbent agent.…”

“…Given the context presented, it is observed that the variables temperature, substrates molar ratio, and concentration and type of catalyst influence the conversion into esters and the operating costs of the process, such as high reaction times when enzymatic catalysts are used. Thus, by means of alternative techniques, such as the supercritical fluids, it is possible to optimize operating conditions, as developed and reported in Dias et al 10,14,49 in the enzymatic synthesis of flavoring esters in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ). According to these results and comparing them to the other conditions presented in Table 2, it is observed that there was a reduction in the reaction times when compared to reactions conducted without supercritical conditions application, probably because SC-CO 2 , which presents low viscosity and diffusivity, reduced the resistance to mass transfer in reaction mixtures, increasing conversion rates.…”

“…According to these results and comparing them to the other conditions presented in Table 2, it is observed that there was a reduction in the reaction times when compared to reactions conducted without supercritical conditions application, probably because SC-CO 2 , which presents low viscosity and diffusivity, reduced the resistance to mass transfer in reaction mixtures, increasing conversion rates. 10,54,55 Moreover, the process efficiency is enhanced when operating in continuous mode 49 compared to batch mode, 14 due to the fact that the greater contact between substrates and enzyme surface in the longest residence time (36.5 min) reduced the mass transport limitations, thus increasing the isoamyl acetate conversion. However, the authors do not present any economic evaluation related to the costs of the technology using SC-CO 2 , indicating that this may be the subject of studies to be conducted.…”

Supercritical CO2 as a Valuable Tool for Aroma Technology

“…In this case, only the substrate flow rate significantly affected the production of isoamyl acetate. The highest conversion occurred at the lowest substrate flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, which allowed greater contact time between the enzyme and reagent but resulted in the longest process time (36.5 min) Table summarizes other examples on esterification reactions with SC-CO 2 .…”