Continuous purification of drugs by ionic liquid-drawn organic solvent forward osmosis and solute recovery

Abstract

Classical purification of pharmaceuticals is energy-intensive and employs toxic solvents that are discarded, calling for more sustainable methods. Here, we purified tetracycline by organic solvent forward osmosis using ionic liquids. Results show the osmotic enrichment of feed solutions containing different concentrations of tetracycline in methanol. The solvent flux during the filtration process is mainly influenced by solvent properties, such as molecular size, viscosity, polarity, and the solvent–membrane interaction. We evaporated the diluted draw solution to recover the draw solute for reuse. Overall ionic liquids appear as suitable draw solutes for organic solvent forward osmosis for pharmaceutical compound enrichment with draw solute recovery and reuse.

Hydrogel membrane composite reduces fouling and retains ammonium efficiently

“…Various techniques have been devised to remove and recover ammonium from wastewater, and one such method is membrane separation (Yao et al 2022). A specific membrane-based approach is forward osmosis, utilizing salinity gradients to facilitate water permeation without applied pressure (Li et al 2024).…”