Continuous Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduced Cardiac Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury in a Rat Model

The Protective Effect of Spinal Cord Stimulation Postconditioning Against Spinal Cord Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rabbits

“…In the present study, the protective effects of SCS postconditioning at two frequencies (2 Hz and 50 Hz) were assessed. The 50 Hz SCS was selected because it is conventionally used in both clinical and experimental studies of pain treatment and has also been reported to augment cerebral blood flow markedly , reduce stroke volume in permanent middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion rats , inhibit myocardial apoptosis and reduce expression of caspase‐3 after cardiac ischemia/reperfusion , and ameliorate Parkinson symptoms and immunohistochemical changes in Parkinson's disease (PD) rats. Low frequency SCS (below 5 Hz) has also been used in researches.…”

“…Previous studies have shown that pharmacologically inhibiting microglial activation can prevent ischemic spinal cord damage . In addition, while a number of studies have confirmed the existence of motor neuron apoptosis and caspase3 activation following spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion, SCS was found to inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and suppress caspase‐3 activation in research of cardiac IRI . The above research suggests that SCS may have neuroprotective effects against spinal cord IRI and previous research has shown that SCS preconditioning prolonged ischemic tolerance of the spinal cord .…”

Spinal Cord Stimulation Reduces Mechanical Hyperalgesia and Glial Cell Activation in Animals with Neuropathic Pain

“…Prior studies clearly show reductions in hypersensitivity with stimualtion durations as little as 5 minutes with the majority of studies showing good reductions in hypersensitivity with 30 min to 1h of SCS [1,33,50,63,65,90]. In animals, fifteen minutes of SCS inhibited evoked responses of WDR neurons to noxious mechanical stimuli in a model of neuropathic pain (SNL) [18].…”

Lack of Analgesic Synergy of the Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist Proglumide and Spinal Cord Stimulation for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain in Rats

“…The motor threshold was assessed at implantation and was confirmed before starting SCS. We and others previously show significant reductions in hypersensitivity with relatively short duration SCS, between 30 min to 1 hour (27,(30)(31)(32)(33), and 15 min SCS inhibits evoked responses of WDR neurons to noxious mechanical stimuli in a model of neuropathic pain (SNL) (34). In humans, the duration of SCS is more variable with reports of six-eight sessions per day for 10-60 min each session (35).…”