Continuous Thermohydromechanical Model using the Theory of Mixtures

Intensification of apple drying due to ultrasound enhancement

“…After drying with the common convective method they undergo degradation of their valuable ingredients. For this reason the author of this work has in the last decades developed hybrid methods which are a combination of convective, microwave, and infrared drying (Kowalski, 2007;Kowalski and Rajewska, 2009;Kowalski et al, 2010;Kowalski and Pawłowski, 2011). A positive outcome of these studies may contribute to essential changes in the drying technology of biological materials by applying ultrasound enhancement, which may contribute to: essential lowering of the drying temperature reducing energy consumption and its waste to the environment shortening the drying time improving dried product quality by preserving their valuable components (vitamins, minerals) and their appearance (color, shape).…”

Numerical analysis of drying kinetics for shrinkable products such as fruits and vegetables

“…The heat source DQ MV in the case of microwave heating can be determined on the basis of Maxwell electromagnetic equations (Perré and Turner, 1996;Hill and Marchant, 1996;Di et al, 2000;Kowalski, 2007;Suwannapum et al, 2010;Arballo et al, 2010). In practical applications the heat source in microwave drying can be written as (Kowalski et al, 2010):…”

“…Examples of drying theories constructed on the basis of fundamental physical laws are given in the relevant literature on drying as, for example, in Perre et al (2007), Kowalski (2007), Couture et al (2007). A more complex mechanistic theory of drying is formulated in a book entitled ''Thermomechanics of drying processes'' by Kowalski (2003), which is constructed on the basis of the mechanics of continua and the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.…”

Heat and mass transfer during microwave‐convective drying

“…Underpinning the drying model are the balances of mass, linear momentum, angular momentum, energy, entropy, and the principles of irreversible thermodynamics. Such theories have been presented by Kowalski 32,33 and Kowalski et al, 30 but here some modifications are introduced to extend to a complete microwave-convective drying process.…”

“…The balance equations are formulated in Euler's description by using the spatial rectangular coordinates x{x, y, z}, and in the frame reference of solid skeleton have the general form as follows 33 :…”