Continuous-Time Linear Equalizer for Multigigabit Transmission Through SI-POF in Factory Area Networks

Gimeno, C.; Guerrero, E.; Sánchez-Azqueta, Carlos; Royo, Guillermo; Aldea, C.; Celma, S.

doi:10.1109/tie.2015.2427123

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The average error of the overall attenuation for the two fibers is ~3%. Although the cost function shown in Equation (17) does not include the direct optical power measurement for its calculation, the results exhibit the robustness of the proposed algorithm to model with reasonable accuracy the received optical power.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The SI-POF is the most used type in different industrial applications and has its lowest losses at 520 nm (green), 560 nm (yellow), and 650 nm (red). Its bandwidth at 50 m is approximately 100 MHz, but multi-gigabit rates are possible when using spectral efficiency modulation techniques [16,17]. In the last decades, polyperfluoro-butenylvinylether materials, commercially known as CYTOP, have played a relevant role in the manufacturing of POFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Novel Measurement-Based Efficient Computational Approach to Modeling Optical Power Transmission in Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber

et al. 2022

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Polymer optical fibers (POFs) are playing an important role in industrial applications nowadays due to their ease of handling and resilience to bending and environmental effects. A POF can tolerate a bending radius of less than 20 mm, it can work in environments with temperatures ranging from −55 °C to +105 °C, and its lifetime is around 20 years. In this paper, we propose a novel, rigorous, and efficient computational model to estimate the most important parameters that determine the characteristics of light propagation through a step-index polymer optical fiber (SI-POF). The model uses attenuation, diffusion, and mode group delay as functions of the propagation angle to characterize the optical power transmission in the SI-POF. Taking into consideration the mode group delay allows us to generalize the computational model to be applicable to POFs with different index profiles. In particular, we use experimental measurements of spatial distributions and frequency responses to derive accurate parameters for our SI-POF simulation model. The experimental data were measured at different fiber lengths according to the cut-back method. This method consists of taking several measurements such as frequency responses, angular intensity distributions, and optical power measurements over a long length of fiber (>100 m), then cutting back the fiber while maintaining the same launching conditions and repeating the measurements on the shorter lengths of fiber. The model derivation uses an objective function to minimize the differences between the experimental measurements and the simulated results. The use of the matrix exponential method (MEM) to implement the SI-POF model results in a computationally efficient model that is suitable for POF-based system-level studies. The efficiency gain is due to the independence of the calculation time with respect to the fiber length, in contrast to the classic analytical solutions of the time-dependent power flow equation. The robustness of the proposed model is validated by calculating the goodness-of-fit of the model predictions relative to experimental data.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Measurement-Based Efficient Computational Approach to Modeling Optical Power Transmission in Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber

et al. 2022

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“…Particular attention has been paid on guaranteeing the QoS of the subsequent data delivery over the communication media, through various methods, such as function splitting between delay-constrained data delivery and resource allocation [227], redundant communication schemes [245], or precise communication and network modeling [239]. Optical communications have also started penetrating the industrial sector, especially for moderate and high data rates with enhanced security (due to the spatial confinement of optical links) for both short [225] and longer ranges [252], however their full potential remains to be unlocked, as the cost of optical equipment is still high [254].…”

Section: Stationary Robotsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data Management in Industry 4.0: State of the Art and Open Challenges

2019

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Information and communication technologies are permeating all aspects of industrial and manufacturing systems, expediting the generation of large volumes of industrial data. This article surveys the recent literature on data management as it applies to networked industrial environments and identifies several open research challenges for the future. As a first step, we extract important data properties (volume, variety, traffic, criticality) and identify the corresponding data enabling technologies of diverse fundamental industrial use cases, based on practical applications. Secondly, we provide a detailed outline of recent industrial architectural designs with respect to their data management philosophy (data presence, data coordination, data computation) and the extent of their distributiveness. Then, we conduct a holistic survey of the recent literature from which we derive a taxonomy of the latest advances on industrial data enabling technologies and data centric services, spanning all the way from the field level deep in the physical deployments, up to the cloud and applications level. Finally, motivated by the rich conclusions of this critical analysis, we identify interesting open challenges for future research. The concepts presented in this article thematically cover the largest part of the industrial automation pyramid layers. Our approach is multidisciplinary, as the selected publications were drawn from two fields; the communications, networking and computation field as well as the industrial, manufacturing and automation field. The article can help the readers to deeply understand how data management is currently applied in networked industrial environments, and select interesting open research opportunities to pursue.

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“…Therefore, we propose to use a fully balanced split-path equalizer, as shown in Figure 3(b), which divides the signal into a high-pass filter path to amplify the high-frequency components and all-pass/ low-pass filter to match the time delay of the first path. The proposed line equalizer [13] is shown in Figure 4. It uses a negative resistance circuit implemented with a partial positive feedback loop to obtain the sum of the high-pass filter path and the all-pass path, to increase the CMRR.…”

Section: Line Equalizermentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a CMOS multi‐rate adaptive continuous‐time equalizer based on power spectrum estimation

Gimeno

Guerrero

Sánchez-Azqueta

et al. 2017

Circuit Theory & Apps

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An adaptive continuous-time equalizer for reliable short-haul high-speed serial communications is described in this paper. The adaptive equalizer uses the spectrum-balancing technique to adapt its response to changes in the bandwidth, amplitude, and bit rate of the input signal. In this way, it is able to compensate the frequency response of a 1-mm diameter step-index plastic optical fiber, for lengths up to 50 m, and bit rates ranging from 400 Mb/s to 2.5 Gb/s. Experimental results are shown to demonstrate its feasibility. Copyright transmission channel to meet the high data rate requirement. Therefore, the faster the communication required, the higher signal equalization is needed [5].In a previous work [6], an analog line equalizer cell aimed to compensate the limited frequency response of SI-POF was proposed. In a real communications link, however, there are many other factors that degrade the transmitted signal, such as the losses inherent to the physical material of the fiber (0.14 dB/m at 650 nm), the capacitance of the receiver PD (whose diameter is larger than 0.4 mm), and the bandwidth-length trade-off (~50 MHz · 100 m). Considering the previously mentioned variations expected, the line equalizer needs a mechanism to automatically adapt its frequency response accordingly and avoid to over-compensate or under-compensate the signal, which otherwise would increase the bit error rate.Hence, the equalizer proposed here is implemented altogether with two feedback loops to independently adjust both the boosting and the gain to compensate variations in bandwidth and amplitude of the received signal.In addition, by means of the wavelength-division multiplexing technique, a single optical link is able to transmit a number of optical carrier signals by using different wavelengths. In consequence, it is possible to transport different standards, such as Synchronous Optical Networkin OC-9 (466 Mb/s) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy STM-16 (2.5 Gb/s), and it is expected to allow different data rates in the same receiver. Therefore, a multi-rate characteristic is a must if the equalizer is to be fully implemented in such applications.Several techniques can be used to implement the equalizer circuit and to choose the right equalization strategy depending on the particular application and channel characteristics. In the case of POF links, several authors use decision feedback equalization (DFE) (always with a previous linear equalizer) with some algorithms such as least mean square or minimum mean square to implement the adaptation [7]. Although DFE is an effective strategy for channels with severe intersymbol interference, for short lengths (up to 100 m), the advantage in performance between a DFE and a linear one is much less, and it may not justify the increase of complexity, area, and power consumption [8]. Therefore, an analog continuous-time equalizer is preferred in this case as they present a good trade-off for low-power, high-speed applications, reducing design complexity and area.Although some receivers with ...

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Continuous-Time Linear Equalizer for Multigigabit Transmission Through SI-POF in Factory Area Networks

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Novel Measurement-Based Efficient Computational Approach to Modeling Optical Power Transmission in Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber

Novel Measurement-Based Efficient Computational Approach to Modeling Optical Power Transmission in Step-Index Polymer Optical Fiber

Data Management in Industry 4.0: State of the Art and Open Challenges

Design of a CMOS multi‐rate adaptive continuous‐time equalizer based on power spectrum estimation

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