Continuous warm blood cardioplegia: A randomized prospective clinical comparison

Late Results of the Warm Heart Trial : The Influence of Nonfatal Cardiac Events on Late Survival

“…At least 17 trials that compared warm or tepid blood cardioplegia with cold blood or crystalloid cardioplegia have been published in peer-reviewed, English-language journals. 1,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Most of the studies enrolled Ͻ100 patients, whereas the Emory trial 11 (which was stopped prematurely because of an excess of neurological events in the warm cardioplegia group) and the Toronto study 1 each involved Ͼ1000 patients. Although the majority of the studies favored warm cardioplegia, smaller studies were generally powered only to detect differences in sensitive surrogate end points.…”