Continuous Wave Ultrasonic Doppler Modeling for Oil–Gas–Water Three-Phase Flow Velocity Measurement

Flow rate measurement of oil-gas-water wavy flow through a combined electrical and ultrasonic sensor

“…Therefore, a theoretical model is required to build the connection between the flowing information obtained by the combined sensors and phase flow rates. Two-fluid model describes the momentum balance for each phase of two-phase flow [35], and has been extended to describe oilgas-water three-fluid [28,36]. The momentum equations for a fully developed waterbased dispersed wavy flow are expressed as, τ and i τ are the wall-gas shear stresses, wall-water shear stress and the gas-water interfacial shear stresses, respectively.…”

“…Thus, the Doppler frequency shift contains abundant flow information. To obtain phase velocities, measurement models have been established to cope with different applications [27][28]. To further utilize Doppler shift signal, time-frequency analysis methods have been adopted to decompose the signal and obtain detailed flow information, such as structural velocities [29,23].…”

Void Fraction Measurement of Oil–Gas–Water Three-Phase Flow Using Mutually Perpendicular Ultrasonic Sensor

“…In addition to the physical void fraction prediction model, Carvalho et al [12] designed a neural network for void fraction in oil-gas-water three-phase flow based on ultrasonic method which consisted of one emitter and three receivers at different positions where the signal is obtained to feed the neural network. Furthermore, ultrasonic method is employed to the bubble diameter measurement and the velocity measurement [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Focusing on void fraction measurement in oil-gas-water three-phase flow, because of the heterogeneous distribution of the gas phase.…”

Ocean Current Velocity Measuring Device Based on Acoustic Time Difference Current Meter

“…Acoustic waves are the propagation of energy in medium. Ultrasonic pulse signals generated by piezoelectric ceramic transducers are propagated in the seawater medium in the form of phase velocity [5]. When the seawater medium itself has velocity, the sound waves travel downstream at the same distance.…”