Continuously Variable Hole Injection in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Frohne, Holger; Müller, David C.; Meerholz, Klaus

doi:10.1002/1439-7641(20020816)3:8<707::aid-cphc707>3.0.co;2-3

Cited by 26 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…describe how the electron transport correlates to the device performance in these ™genuine∫ metal/molecule/semiconductor junctions. The use of mercury as a ™soft∫ metal contact, initiated 30 years ago, [9] has regained its popularity in the recent studies of the unique electron transport property across metal/monolayer/metal junctions, [10,11] and the intriguing electrical behavior of Hg/monolayer/SiO x /p-Si systems. [12] By adapting these innovative experimental approaches, we have constructed easy and reproducible mercury/silicon junctions, in which a mercury drop extruded from a gas-tight syringe was brought into contact with a silicon surface using a custom-made micromanipulator (the contact process and area were monitored by a video microscope using a 40 Â objective, Figure 1 c).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of the Anodic Work Function on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2002

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Cutting etch organic solar cells utilize the bulk‐heterojunction concept, shown in the graphic, of interpenetrating electron and hole conducting networks which enhances the exciton splitting process in the photosensitive layer. Generated charges are turned into current due to the built‐in field given by the adjoining electrodes. Here, the influence of an altered doping level of the hole collecting electrode has been investigated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We have recently demonstrated that its work function can be conveniently altered electrochemically. [10,11] We use this technique in this paper to systematically study the influence of V bi in ITO/PEDOT(E eq )/photoactive donor ± acceptor blend/Al devices. PEDOT was polymerized electrochemically on indium tin oxide (ITO) as a transparent electrode.…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of the Anodic Work Function on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

et al. 2002

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“…Frohne and coworkers systematically modified the work function of PEDOT:PSS films electrochemically [50,51]. The treatment of electrically polymerized PEDOT film in the presence of sodium-neutralized PSS resulted in PEDOT:PSS films with work function variations up to 1.3 eV, depending on the doping level.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Interfacial Layer Engineering for Performance Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells

et al. 2015

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Improving power conversion efficiency and device performance stability is the most critical challenge in polymer solar cells for fulfilling their applications in industry at large scale. Various methodologies have been developed for realizing this goal, among them interfacial layer engineering has shown great success, which can optimize the electrical contacts between active layers and electrodes and lead to enhanced charge transport and collection. Interfacial layers also show profound impacts on light absorption and optical distribution of solar irradiation in the active layer and film morphology of the subsequently deposited active layer due to the accompanied surface energy change. Interfacial layer engineering enables the use of high work function metal electrodes without sacrificing device performance, which in combination with the favored kinetic barriers against water and oxygen penetration leads to polymer solar cells with enhanced performance stability. This review provides an overview of the recent progress of different types of interfacial layer materials, including polymers, small molecules, graphene oxides, fullerene derivatives, and metal oxides. Device performance enhancement of the resulting solar cells will be elucidated and the function and operation mechanism of the interfacial layers will be discussed. OPEN ACCESSPolymers 2015, 7 334

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“…In this context, we note that recently others have instead employed pure PEDOT without the PSS doping present in the commercial (Bayer) PEDOT:PSS product employed by us. [27] In view of the inappropriateness of PEDOT:PSS, another holeinjection layer was also studied: a self-assembled monolayer of a perfluorinated carboxylic acid (C x F y ÀCOOH). [28,29] The addition of this monolayer has, for other devices, resulted in a lowering of the turn-on voltage and has also led to a reduction of leakage currents and shorts.…”

Section: Addition Of An Extra Hole Injection Layer To D ± B ± a Dopedmentioning

confidence: 99%

OLED and PLED Devices Employing Electrogenerated, Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Fluorescence

et al. 2003

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The light generating mechanism of a series of light emitting diodes with electron donor-bridge-acceptor systems (D-b-A) as the emitting species was examined by constructing model diodes based on small organic molecules (OLEDs) as well as on molecularly doped electroactive (poly-N-vinylcarbazole, PVK) and insulating (polystyrene, PS) polymers (PLEDs). The direct electrogeneration of an intramolecular charge-transfer (CT) fluorescence of the donor-bridge-acceptor systems occurred readily in OLED devices with a D-b-A system as the emissive layer. In diodes with PS as the host matrix, hole-injection and electron-injection occurred directly in the D-b-A molecules residing close to the anode and the cathode, respectively. In the PVK diodes, hole-injection occurred primarily into PVK and the positive charge carrier was subsequently trapped on the D-b-A molecule, whereas electron-injection at the cathode side occurred directly into the D-b-A molecules. Charge-hopping between neighboring molecules then occurred until a hole and electron resided on the same molecule, which is equivalent to the formation of the CT excited state, and which finally relaxed by intramolecular charge recombination under the emission of CT fluorescence.

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Continuously Variable Hole Injection in Organic Light Emitting Diodes

Cited by 26 publications

References 4 publications

Influence of the Anodic Work Function on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

Influence of the Anodic Work Function on the Performance of Organic Solar Cells

Interfacial Layer Engineering for Performance Enhancement in Polymer Solar Cells

OLED and PLED Devices Employing Electrogenerated, Intramolecular Charge‐Transfer Fluorescence

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