Continuously wavelength-tunable mode-locked Tm fiber laser using stretched SMF-GIMF-SMF structure as both saturable absorber and filter

Wavelength Tuning of Multimode Interference Fiber Lasers: A Review

“…Summary of the central wavelength and the tuning range of wavelength‐tuned MMI fiber lasers tracked over time. Squares (orange) markers indicate ytterbium MMI fiber lasers: a) Selvas et al [ 13 ] b) Anzueto et al [ 14 ] c) Mukhopadhyay et al [ 29 ] d) Chakravarty et al [ 30 ] Circles (green) markers indicate Erbium MMI fiber lasers: e) Castillo et al [ 15 ] f) Castillo et al [ 16 ] g) Walbaum et al [ 26 ] h,i) Ma et al, [ 21,22 ] j) Antonio et al, [ 20 ] k) Ahmad et al [ 28 ] l) Khattak et al [ 31 ] m) Li et al [ 34 ] n) Zhang et al [ 32 ] Triangles (purple) markers indicate Thulium MMI fiber lasers: o) Ma et al [ 23 ] p) Zhang et al [ 33 ] q) Li et al [ 27 ] r) Ibarra et al [ 24 ] s,t) Sakata et al [ 25 ] u) Li et al [ 35 ] v,w) Sakata et al [ 36 ] The diamond and down triangle indicate exceptional cases where special light sources were used for Erbium, x) Antonio et al, [ 20 ] and Thulium, y) Yan et al [ 37 ] , respectively (see text for details).…”

“…These are peculiar implementations where nonlinear MMFs, e.g., graded‐index MMF, are used in the MMI filter and allow for all‐optical control. [ 34,35 ] In the nonlinear regime, both self‐phase and cross‐phase modulation occur in the nonlinear MMF in addition to the wavelength selection. Depending on the nonlinear MMF used, even saturable absorption effects can take place as well.…”

“…[ 34 ] In the same year, the same group reported a similar approach in a complementary spectral window, demonstrating a Tm MMI fiber laser tuning over 5.2 nm, ranging from 1942 to 1947 nm, in an ML operation with a single output. [ 35 ]…”

Study on the Energy Band Regulation of Bi2−xSbxTe3 and Its Application as Mode Locking Material in Low Gain Ultrafast Fiber Laser

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on real saturable absorbers. [12][13][14] Due to environmental disturbances such as temperature, stress, or strain, the change of the polarization strength will affect the nonlinear effect. Therefore, the artificial saturable absorber will be limited in terms of self-starting, reliability, and reproducibility of mode locking.

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“…However, the low self-starting power, high fundamental frequency, and no Kelly sideband which were expected in the field of communication are difficult to accomplish at the same time. [13][14][15][16][17][18] It is related to the structure of the cavity and the properties of materials. In contrast to the exploration of new materials used in fiber laser, there is much less research about the coordination of materials and fiber laser.As is known to all, the rare earth doped fiber is an indispensable part of the resonant cavity, which is capable of supplying high-gain at specific wavelength.…”