Continuum and subcontinuum simulation of FDM process for 4D printed shape memory polymers

Akbar, Ijaz; Hadrouz, Mourad El; Mansori, Mohamed El; Lagoudas, Dimitri

doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.02.028

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[4,10,23] In prior reports of strain-trapping during 3D printing, trapped strains were often considered a flaw in the fabrication process due to potential warped or contracted final parts. [24] As a result, the intentional exploitation of the strain trapping mechanism during printing to direct shape change after printing has been examined by only a few studies, and those studies have only examined strain trapping in solid printed parts, such as layers or 3D objects with 100% infill. [25][26][27] In particular, Bodaghi et al [18] designed self-expanding/shrinking actuators, which showed anisotropy in Polyjet printed parts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Biaxial Recovered Strains in Self‐Shrinking 3D Shape‐Memory Polymer Parts Programmed via Printing with Application to Improve Cell Seeding

Pieri

Liu

Soman

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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bench to bedside. As a class of smart functional materials, SMPs can "memorize" a permanent shape during fabrication, be programmed to hold a temporary shape, and then, upon application of a stimulus, [1][2][3] recover back to their permanent shape. Biomedical devices in which SMPs have been studied include self-tightening sutures, expanding synthetic bone grafts, and active cell culture substrates and scaffolds. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Traditionally, shape-memory programming of an SMP part, three-dimensional (3D) printed or otherwise, is an independent processing step that occurs following fabrication of the part. Such postfabrication programming requires controlled mechanically actuated deformation into the desired programmed temporary shape. [1,3] As a result, programming techniques currently in widespread use generally only produce simple, often uniaxial, strains in the part, which limits shape changes to rudimentary forms of expansion, shrinkage, folding, or twisting. [13][14][15] The complex and useful SMP part functions and geometries necessary for many prospective applications, including biomedical applications, will require correspondingly complex strain patterns within the part, such as biaxial, torsional, bending, or shear strains, strain gradients, or other spatially varying strains. These complex strain patterns are generally not feasible with current programming techniques, especially in the case of small or intricate part geometries. In fact, precise programming of complex strains remains beyond the current state of the art in shape-memory programming, and use of even relatively simple alternatives to uniaxial programming of 3D SMP parts, such as biaxial strain programming, has remained extremely limited due to the challenges involved in establishing the apparatuses necessary to perform the required mechanically actuated programming. For example, multiaxial programming of a 3D part requires a mechanism to grip the part and apply the desired distributed strains in multiple axes. As a result, to date only a few studies have successfully demonstrated multiaxial programming of 3D SMP parts, and these studies have been restricted exclusively to compressive programming, achieved using manual (literally finger and thumb) manipulation or specialized crimpers or clamps, [8,16] and so only expansile multiaxial recovery has been demonstrated. The lack of methods for Trapping of strain in layers deposited during extrusion-based (fused filament fabrication) 3D printing has previously been documented. If fiber-level strain trapping can be understood sufficiently and controlled, 3D shape-memory polymer parts could be simultaneously fabricated and programmed via printing (programming via printing; PvP), thereby achieving precisely controlled 3D-to-3D transformations of complex part geometries. Yet, because previous studies have only examined strain trapping in solid printed partssuch as layers or 3D objects with 100% infill-fundamental aspects of the PvP process and the potential for PvP to be applied to pr...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large Biaxial Recovered Strains in Self‐Shrinking 3D Shape‐Memory Polymer Parts Programmed via Printing with Application to Improve Cell Seeding

Pieri

Liu

Soman

et al. 2023

Adv Materials Technologies

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“…The final composite exhibited excellent shape recovery and self-healing properties. The effect of 3D printing parameters (height of the layer, speed of the printing, and built plate temperature) on the dimensional stability of 3D-printed specimens using FDM was studied in [ 2 ]. Earlier studies from [ 3 ] addressed the effect of 3D printing parameters (speed of printing, layer thickness, bed temperature, and nozzle temperature) on the deformation of circular disks using shape-memory polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Halloysite Nanotubes Reinforced Thermal Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites for Enhanced Mechanical and Shape Recovery Characteristics in 4D Printing Applications

Namathoti

Vakkalagadda

2023

Polymers

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The mechanical and shape-recovery characteristics of 4D-printed thermally responsive shape-memory polyurethane (SMPU) reinforced with two types of reinforcements, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), are investigated in the present study. Three weight percentages of reinforcements (0, 0.5, and 1) in the SMPU matrix are considered, and the required composite specimens are obtained with 3D printing. Further, for the first time, the present study investigates the flexural test for multiple cycles to understand the 4D-printed specimens’ flexural behavior variation after shape recovery. The 1 wt% HNTS-reinforced specimen yielded higher tensile, flexural, and impact strengths. On the other hand, 1 wt% MWCNT-reinforced specimens exhibited quick shape recovery. Overall, enhanced mechanical properties were observed with HNT reinforcements, and a faster shape recovery was observed with MWCNT reinforcements. Further, the results are promising for the use of 4D-printed shape-memory polymer nanocomposites for repeated cycles even after a large bending deformation.

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“…However, continuous developments in 4DP technology have helped the scientific community to develop printing products of shape memory polymer composites (SMPCs) [188]. These composites integrate SMPs with fillers including glass fibers (GFs), nanohydroxyapatite, carbon fibers (CFs), carbon black (CB), natural fibers (NFs), wood fibers (WFs), CNTs, ceramics, copper particles, and iron particles [189]- [192]. These fillers not only result in the reinforcement and strengthening of the SMPs but also behaves as an active medium for stimulating shape morphing ability [193].…”

Section: Fused Deposition Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

4D printing of shape memory polymer composites: A review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future perspectives

Khalid

Arif

Noroozi

et al. 2022

Journal of Manufacturing Processes

193

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Continuum and subcontinuum simulation of FDM process for 4D printed shape memory polymers

Cited by 17 publications

References 35 publications

Large Biaxial Recovered Strains in Self‐Shrinking 3D Shape‐Memory Polymer Parts Programmed via Printing with Application to Improve Cell Seeding

Large Biaxial Recovered Strains in Self‐Shrinking 3D Shape‐Memory Polymer Parts Programmed via Printing with Application to Improve Cell Seeding

Development of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Halloysite Nanotubes Reinforced Thermal Responsive Shape Memory Polymer Nanocomposites for Enhanced Mechanical and Shape Recovery Characteristics in 4D Printing Applications

4D printing of shape memory polymer composites: A review on fabrication techniques, applications, and future perspectives

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