“…There are many possible solutions to simulate the granular column collapse by using numerical methods, e.g., the finite element method (FEM) using the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) technique (Crosta et al, 2009;Wu et al, 2019), the discrete element method (DEM) (Utili et al, 2015;Li et al, 2020), the particle finite element method (PFEM) (Zhang et al, 2015), the smoothing particle finite element method (SPFEM) (Jin et al, 2020), the material point method (MPM) (So lowski and Sloan, 2015), and the smooth particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method (Peng et al, 2015;Fávero Neto and Borja, 2018;Wang et al, 2019;Peng et al, 2019;Bui et al, 2008;Yin et al, 2018;Jin et al, 2019b,a). Furthermore, some multi-scale approaches have also been employed to simulate the granular column collapse problem, e.g., a hierarchical coupling scheme to integrate MPM with DEM packings for multi-scale modelling of large deformation in granular materials (Liang and Zhao, 2019).…”