Contraceptive failure in the United States

Trussell, James

doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2004.03.009

Cited by 581 publications

(580 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The differences in pregnancy rates between the monitor and mucus group are similar to the differences that were found in a previous cohort comparison study of the monitor plus mucus versus mucus alone as two FABM [15]. The low unintended pregnancy rate (both perfect and total) are comparable to the pregnancy rates that were determined in a large European study that used mucus plus basal body temperature as a double check for the beginning and end of the fertile phase of the menstrual cycle [24] and with a pilot cohort study of the online FABM system conducted by the authors of this study, i.e., 9 unintended pregnancies per 100 among ovulating, non-breastfeeding participants [14].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…The total unintended pregnancy rates for the monitor group in the current study are better than those reported by Trussell for FABM [24,25], i.e., 7 for the monitor group compared to 25 per 100 women by Trussell. The mucus group with 18 unintended pregnancies per 100 is comparable but slightly better than what Trussell reports for the mucus-only OM.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

“…The net correct use efficacy of both the EHFM and CMM group is very good, i.e., 98-100% survival rate (or a 0 -2 pregnancy rate per 100 women over 12 months of use) and 11 compares with what is found in the literature [24,25]. As hypothesized, the monitor group has better 12 month total pregnancy rate than the mucus group, i.e., 7 unintended pregnancies per 100 women users among the monitor group versus 18 among the mucus group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility-awareness-based methods of family planning

et al. 2013

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Background:The aim was to compare the efficacy and acceptability of two Internet-based fertility awareness based methods of family planning (FABM).Study Design: Six hundred and sixty-seven women and their male partners were randomized into either an electronic hormonal fertility monitor (EHFM) group or a cervical mucus monitoring (CMM) group. Both groups utilized a web site with instructions, charts, and support.Acceptability was assessed online at 1, 3, and 6 months. Pregnancy rates were determined by survival analysis. Results:The EHFM participants (N=197) had a total pregnancy rate of 7 per 100 users over 12 months of use compared with 18.5 for the CMM group (N=160). The log rank survival test showed a significant difference (p < .01) in survival functions. Mean acceptability for both groups increased significantly over time (p < .0001). Continuation rates at 12 months for the monitor group were 40.6% and the mucus group 36.6%. Conclusion:In comparison with the CMM, the EHFM method of family planning was more effective. All users had an increase in acceptability over time. Results are tempered by the high drop-out rate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

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Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility-awareness-based methods of family planning

et al. 2013

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“…A key factor in distinguishing between traditional and modern contraceptive methods is their effectiveness in preventing conception (Frejka 2008), although not all modern methods are similarly effective (Trussell 2011). Female reversible methods are very effective, as are male and female sterilization, whereas male reversible methods have higher failure rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In line, the theoretical framework first focuses on gender equality and contraception at the individual and couple level, and then looks at the regional variation in this relationship. Data from the Generations and Gender Survey (2004-2011GGP Data Archive 2016) and the Demographic Health Survey (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)) are used to examine the hypotheses. absolute or relative power leads men and women to use contraceptives themselves or to transfer this task to their partner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender inequality and the ‘East-West’ divide in contraception: An analysis at the individual, the couple, and the country level

Dereuddre

Velde

Bracke

2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Despite generally low fertility rates in Europe, contraceptive behavior varies to a substantial extent. The dichotomy between Western, and Central and Eastern European countries is particularly relevant.Whereas the former are characterized by the widespread use of modern contraception, the latter show a high prevalence of traditional methods to control fertility. The current study aims to examine whether these differences can be attributed to differences in women's individual status, and in gender inequality at the couple and the country level. We combine data from the Generations and Gender Survey it is shown that higher levels of country-level gender equality are associated with a higher likelihood of using modern reversible and female methods, but not sterilization. Particularly country levels of gender equality are linked to the East-West divide in type of contraceptive method used. Our findings underscore that women's higher status is closely related to their use of effective, female contraception.

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The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer

et al. 2017

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IMPORTANCE Despite 3 decades of study, there remains ongoing debate regarding whether vasectomy is associated with prostate cancer.OBJECTIVE To determine if vasectomy is associated with prostate cancer.DATA SOURCES The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for studies indexed from database inception to March 21, 2017, without language restriction.STUDY SELECTION Cohort, case-control, and cross-sectional studies reporting relative effect estimates for the association between vasectomy and prostate cancer were included. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISTwo investigators performed study selection independently. Data were pooled separately by study design type using random-effects models. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess risk of bias. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was any diagnosis of prostate cancer. Secondary outcomes were high-grade, advanced, and fatal prostate cancer.RESULTS Fifty-three studies (16 cohort studies including 2 563 519 participants, 33 case-control studies including 44 536 participants, and 4 cross-sectional studies including 12 098 221 participants) were included. Of these, 7 cohort studies (44%), 26 case-control studies (79%), and all 4 cross-sectional studies were deemed to have a moderate to high risk of bias. Among studies deemed to have a low risk of bias, a weak association was found among cohort studies (7 studies; adjusted rate ratio, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09; P < .001; I 2 = 9%) and a similar but nonsignificant association was found among case-control studies (6 studies; adjusted odds ratio, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.88-1.29; P = .54; I 2 = 37%). Effect estimates were further from the null when studies with a moderate to high risk of bias were included. Associations between vasectomy and high-grade prostate cancer (6 studies; adjusted rate ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.89-1.21; P = .67; I 2 = 55%), advanced prostate cancer (6 studies; adjusted rate ratio, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.98-1.20; P = .11; I 2 = 18%), and fatal prostate cancer (5 studies; adjusted rate ratio, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92-1.14; P = .68; I 2 = 26%) were not significant (all cohort studies). Based on these data, a 0.6% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.2%) absolute increase in lifetime risk of prostate cancer associated with vasectomy and a population-attributable fraction of 0.5% (95% CI, 0.2%-0.9%) were calculated.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This review found no association between vasectomy and high-grade, advanced-stage, or fatal prostate cancer. There was a weak association between vasectomy and any prostate cancer that was closer to the null with increasingly robust study design. This association is unlikely to be causal and should not preclude the use of vasectomy as a long-term contraceptive option.

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Contraceptive failure in the United States

Cited by 581 publications

References 61 publications

Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility-awareness-based methods of family planning

Randomized comparison of two Internet-supported fertility-awareness-based methods of family planning

Gender inequality and the ‘East-West’ divide in contraception: An analysis at the individual, the couple, and the country level

The Association Between Vasectomy and Prostate Cancer

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