“…Third, some studies have found that psychological distress, including depressive symptoms, anxiety, substance misuse, and negative emotionality, is a risk factor (Caspi et al, 1997;DiClemente et al, 2001;Stiffman, Dore, Earls, & Cunningham, 1992), but others have not (Bardone et al, 1998;Chewning & Van Koningsveld, 1998). Finally, while cross-sectional studies have found a relationship between higher educational and career aspirations and adolescent contraceptive and condom use (Bradley & Matsukis, 2000;Furstenberg, Shea, Allison, Herceg-Baron, & Webb, 1983;Haggstrom, Hanson, & Tyden, 2002;Hernandez & DiClemente, 1992;Hogan, Astone, & Kitagawa, 1985;Smith, Beck, & Davies, 1987), longitudinal studies have not (Baumer & South, 2001;Bearman & Bruckner, 2001).…”