Contractile Vacuoles and Associated Structures: Their Organization and Function

Patterson, David J.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1980.tb00686.x

Cited by 176 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…This phenomenon is mentioned, but not illustrated by Jankowski (1964b). The contractile vacuole corresponds to Type I (Patterson 1980), filling by the coalescence of contributory vesicles (Fig. 13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae)

Bourland

Wendell

Hampikian

2014

European Journal of Protistology

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Most species in the large ciliate genus Metopus Claparède & Lachmann, 1858 lack detailed descriptions based on modern morphologic and molecular methods. This lack of data for the vast majority of species hampers application of a morphospecies approach to the taxonomy of Metopus and other armophorids. In this report we redescribe the large species, Metopus fuscus Kahl, 1927 based on in vivo observation, silver impregnation, scanning electron microscopy, and single-cell 18S rDNA sequencing of a freshwater North American (Idaho) population. Metopus fuscus invariably has a perinuclear envelope of endosymbiotic bacteria not found in other species. Unlike the original description of a single row of coarse granules between ciliary rows, the Idaho population has five loose rows of small interkinetal granules. We discuss the possible importance of this character in metopids. We also provide a phylogenetic analysis including setosus form a fully supported clade, challenging previous morphospecies groupings. We discuss some ambiguities of armophorid morphologic terminology in the earlier literature. Our phylogenetic analysis of Idaho metopids indicates that the genera Metopus and Brachonella are both nonmonophyletic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae)

Bourland

Wendell

Hampikian

2014

European Journal of Protistology

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“…CVs are membranebound cell compartments that periodically accumulate (diastole) and expel (systole) water out of the cell, allowing cells to survive under hypotonic conditions. Based on structure and behavior about six basic types of CV have been described (Patterson, 1980). Despite this structural diversity the basic functions seem to be conserved between different eukaryotes because the same proteins and cellular processes have been found in Amoeba, Dictyostelium, Paramecium, Trypanosoma and green algae [e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SEC6 protein is required for function of the contractile vacuole inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Komsic-Buchmann¹,

Stephan²,

Becker³

2012

Journal of Cell Science

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SummaryContractile vacuoles (CVs) are essential for osmoregulation in many protists. To investigate the mechanism of CV function in Chlamydomonas, we isolated novel osmoregulatory mutants. Four of the isolated mutant cell lines carried the same 33,641 base deletion, rendering the cell lines unable to grow under strong hypotonic conditions. One mutant cell line (Osmo75) was analyzed in detail. The CV morphology was variable in mutant cells, and most cells had multiple small CVs. In addition, one or two enlarged CVs or no visible CVs at all, were observed by light microscopy. These findings suggest that the mutant is impaired in homotypic vacuolar and exocytotic membrane fusion. Furthermore the mutants had long flagella. One of the affected genes is the only SEC6 homologue in Chlamydomonas (CreSEC6). The SEC6 protein is a component of the exocyst complex that is required for efficient exocytosis. Transformation of the Osmo75 mutant with a CreSEC6-GFP construct rescued the mutant completely (osmoregulation and flagellar length). Rescued strains overexpressed CreSEC6 (as a GFP-tagged protein) and displayed a modified CV activity. CVs were larger, whereas the CV contraction interval remained unchanged, leading to increased water efflux rates. Electron microscopy analysis of Osmo75 cells showed that the mutant is able to form the close contact zones between the plasma membrane and the CV membrane observed during late diastole and systole. These results indicate that CreSEC6 is essential for CV function and required for homotypic vesicle fusion during diastole and water expulsion during systole. In addition, CreSEC6 is not only necessary for CV function, but possibly influences the CV cycle in an indirect manner and flagellar length in Chlamydomonas.

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“…The process of water extrusion by CV is composed of three steps: diastole (filling); systole (vacuolar contraction); and expulsion (the release of vacuolar fluid from CV to cell exterior) (Patterson, 1980). The CV periodically repeats diastole and systole, slowly expanding to fill fluid from cytoplasm during diastole, and then quickly contracting to release fluid to cell exterior at systole.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba proteus

Nishihara

Shimmen

Sato

2004

Cell Struct. Funct.

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ABSTRACT. Contractile vacuoles (CVs) released from cells of Amoeba proteus were used to analyze its function in vitro. When CV was transferred to a hypertonic medium, its volume decreased within 10 sec. When it was subsequently returned to its original medium, it quickly started swelling. However, it ruptured before recovering its initial volume. These results suggested that the CV membrane is semi-permeable and that the fluid is collected by the osmotic gradient in vivo. The water permeability of membrane of isolated CV was calculated from the rate of osmotic volume change to be 0.94 mm/sec · OsM. This high value suggested that CV membrane is equipped with water channel. CV contracted (or burst) quickly upon addition of 1 mM ATP. Contraction was induced by ATP, but not by other nucleotides, GTP, ITP, ADP, or the analogues of ATP, AMP-PNP and ATPgS. It was suggested that the contraction of isolated CV was caused by increase in the tension of its membrane by ATP.

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Contractile Vacuoles and Associated Structures: Their Organization and Function

Cited by 176 publications

References 164 publications

Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae)

Morphologic and molecular description of Metopus fuscus Kahl from North America and new rDNA sequences from seven metopids (Armophorea, Metopidae)

The SEC6 protein is required for function of the contractile vacuole inChlamydomonas reinhardtii

Functional Characterization of Contractile Vacuole Isolated from Amoeba proteus

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