Contralateral turning evoked by the intranigral microinjection of muscimol and other GABA agonists

The Substantia Nigra is an Important Site for the Containment of Seizure Generalization in the Kindling Model of Epilepsy

“…It is uncertain, in the present study, whether the S N stimulation primarily caused a release of GABA from local nerve terminals or activation of efferent GABA neurons or both. Since it has been reported that unilateral microinjection of GABA agonists into the SN pars reticulata produces a contralateral circling behavior (James and Starr, 1978;Martin et al, 1978;Kamata et al, 1985), which is similar to our observation when unilateral electrical stimulation was applied to pars reticulata, it is more likely that the stirnulation caused the release of GABA from local terminals of afferent neurons and/or interneurons. The increase in the GABA concentration within the SN bilaterally would suppress the propagation of seizure activity into the SN from epileptic foci, blocking seizure generalization and prolonging the latency to bilateral forelimb clonus.…”

“…nists cause circling behavior is not clear, the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway does not seem to be essentially involved (Martin et al, 1978;Karnata et al, 1985). Albala et al (1986) have recently dernonstrated that selective lesions of nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons do not affect AM kindling.…”

Differential effects of ethyl (R,S)-nipecotate on the behaviors of highly and minimally aggressive female golden hamsters

“…Low endogenous GABA levels could also be inferred from (3) the absence of behavioral or neurochemical effects of regional injections of the GABAa antagonist bicuculline by itself when such injections can block the effects of muscimol pretreatment. The septum and the dorsal raphe both meet criteria 1 and 3 (Potegal et al 1983;Blaker 1985;Sainati and Lorens 1983;Martin et al 1978;Nishikawa andScatton 1983, Wood et al 1979) while the amygdala meets criterion 2 (Simler et al 1982;Haug etal. 1984).…”

Papel dos mecanismos GABAérgicos do colículo inferior e da substância cinzenta periaquedutal na interface sensoriomotora do medo e ansiedade

“…Another interesting finding of this study is related to the sensory component of the defense reaction. When initiating the escape reaction most rats retracted their left ear just before flight and/or ran towards their left side, which is contralateral to the site of stimulation, in the same way as they do when they receive aversive information from the environment (Huston et al, 1980;Martin et al, 1978). These data point to the importance of the sensory component of the defensive behavior, which has been neglected in the literature.…”

“…Isto pode ser justificado devido ao fato de que o CI é uma das estruturas mais caudais pertencentes ao Sistema Encefálico Aversivo, o que supostamente faria com que a estimulação elétrica induzisse padrões mais intensos de comportamento defensivo, de acordo com a teoria de . Além disto, ao iniciar a reação de fuga, a maioria dos ratos retraiu a orelha esquerda pouco antes da fuga e/ou correu para o lado esquerdo -que é contralateral ao local de estimulação -da mesma forma como fazem quando recebem informações aversivas do ambiente (Martin et al, 1978;Huston et al, 1980). Curiosamente, o tempo de congelamento pós-estimulação não foi alterado por nenhuma das doses de midazolam, mas sim com a menor dose de muscimol utilizada.…”