Contrasting the morphology, anatomy and fungal colonization of new pioneer and fibrous roots

Zadworny, Marcin; Eissenstat, David M.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03598.x

Cited by 115 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…9 months after the assumed start of re-colonization) to guarantee an extended growth period allowing for a complete re-colonization of the soil in the cores. We therefore did not observe a significant portion of pioneer roots in the extracted root samples that would be morphologically and functionally different from the common branched fibrous fine roots in the soil (see Polverigiani et al 2011;Zadworny & Eissenstat 2011). We carefully extracted the soil cores, quantified the dry mass of larger (>10 mm length) fine root branches (living and dead) in each core as described above and expressed the data as fine root growth per soil volume and 9 months.…”

Section: F I N E R O O T P R O D U C T I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees?

et al. 2013

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Summary 1.Optimal resource partitioning theory predicts that plants should increase the ratio between water absorbing and transpiring surfaces under short water supply. An increase in fine root mass and surface area relative to leaf area has frequently been found in herbaceous plants, but supporting evidence from mature trees is scarce and several results are contradictory.2. In 12 mature Fagus sylvatica forests across a precipitation gradient (820-540 mm yr À1 ), we tested several predictions of the theory by analysing the dependence of standing fine root biomass, fine root production and fine root morphology on mean annual precipitation (MAP), the precipitation of the study year, and stand structural and edaphic variables. The water storage capacity of the soil (WSC) was included as a covariable by comparing pairs of stands on sandy (lower WSC) and loam-richer soils (higher WSC).3. Fine root biomass, total fine root surface area, fine root production and the fine root : leaf biomass production ratio markedly increased with reduced MAP and precipitation in the study year, while WSC was only a secondary factor and stand structure had no effect. 4.The precipitation effect on fine root biomass and production was more pronounced in stands on sandy soil with lower WSC, which had, at equal precipitation, a higher fine root biomass and productivity than stands on loam-richer soil. 5.The high degree of allocational plasticity in mature F. sylvatica trees contrasts with a low morphological plasticity of the fine roots. On the more extreme sandy soils, a significant decrease in mean fine root diameter and increase in specific root area with decreasing precipitation were found; a similar effect was absent on the loam-richer soils.6. Synthesis. In support of optimal partitioning theory, mature Fagus sylvatica trees showed a remarkable allocational plasticity as a long-term response to significant precipitation reduction with a large increase in the size and productivity of the fine root system, while only minor adaptive modifications occurred in root morphology. More severe summer droughts in a future warmer climate may substantially alter the above-/below-ground C partitioning of this tree species with major implications for the forest C cycle.

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Section: F I N E R O O T P R O D U C T I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees?

et al. 2013

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“…Most of the roots that form are thin and small and absorptive in nature. However, another type of larger-diameter root arising from the pericycle -commonly referred to as a pioneer root -extends rapidly and undergoes woody secondary development within weeks (Zadworny and Eissenstat, 2011). These roots typically are not mycorrhizal and are chiefly used for transport and for building the framework of the root system.…”

Section: Form Function and Distribution Of Tree Rootsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Trees, the most successful biological power plants on earth, build and plumb the critical zone (CZ) in ways that we do not yet understand. To encourage exploration of the character and implications of interactions between trees and soil in the CZ, we propose nine hypotheses that can be tested at diverse settings. The hypotheses are roughly divided into those about the architecture (building) and those about the water (plumbing) in the CZ, but the two functions are intertwined. Depending upon one's disciplinary background, many of the nine hypotheses listed below may appear obviously true or obviously false. (1) Tree roots can only physically penetrate and biogeochemically comminute the immobile substrate underlying mobile soil where that underlying substrate is fractured or pre-weathered. (2) In settings where the thickness of weathered material, H , is large, trees primarily shape the CZ through biogeochemical reactions within the rooting zone. (3) In forested uplands, the thickness of mobile soil, h, can evolve toward a steady state because of feedbacks related to root disruption and tree throw. (4) In settings where h H and the rates of uplift and erosion are low, the uptake of phosphorus into trees is buffered by the fine-grained fraction of the soil, and the ultimate source of this phosphorus is dust. (5) In settings of limited water availability, trees maintain the highest length density of functional roots at depths where water can be extracted over most of the growing season with the least amount of energy expenditure. (6) Trees grow the majority of their roots in the zone where the most growth-limiting resource is abundant, but they also grow roots at other depths to forage for other resources and to hydraulically redistribute those resources to depths where they can be taken up more efficiently. (7) Trees rely on matrix water in the unsaturated zone that at times may have anPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. 5116 S. L. Brantley et al.: Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone isotopic composition distinct from the gravity-drained water that transits from the hillslope to groundwater and streamflow. (8) Mycorrhizal fungi can use matrix water directly, but trees can only use this water by accessing it indirectly through the fungi. (9) Even trees growing well above the valley floor of a catchment can directly affect stream chemistry where changes in permeability near the rooting zone promote intermittent zones of water saturation and downslope flow of water to the stream. By testing these nine hypotheses, we will generate important new cross-disciplinary insights that advance CZ science.

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“…2c). Roots with a high number of protoxylem groups have large diameters at early developmental stages and proceed to secondary growth with diameter growth (Zadworny and Eissenstat 2011). These big roots (e.g., >1.0 mm) were rarely found in the samples in this study.…”

Section: Anatomical Characteristics Of Fine Roots In C Japonicamentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Diameter is also a useful index to distinguish individual roots with primary and secondary developments. Roots with a high number of protoxylem groups are larger in diameter and usually become secondary development, while roots with a low number of protoxylem groups are smaller in diameter and few roots become secondary development (Hishi andTakeda 2005a, Zadworny andEissenstat 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which is the best indicator for distinguishing between fine roots with primary and secondary development in <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> D. Don: Diameter, branching order, or protoxylem groups?

Tawa

Takeda

2015

Plant Root

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Fine roots of Cryptomeria japonica were separated into two functional groups: primary roots that serve as the principal agent for water and nutrient absorption and secondary roots that have transport capacity and protect the plant from environmental stress. Individual roots can also be categorized by three characteristics: diameter, branching order, and number of protoxylem groups. We investigated the relationships of these two functional groups with the three categories and evaluated which category was a better index for distinguishing primary from secondary roots by using the Pianka overlap index. Primary and secondary roots showed no exact correspondence to any of the three categories and had overlap in each category. Therefore neither was a useful indicator to distinguish primary from secondary roots. However, in the case of Cryptomeria japonica, we can roughly distinguish primary from secondary roots on the basis of whether root diameter is less than or greater than 0.6 mm.

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Contrasting the morphology, anatomy and fungal colonization of new pioneer and fibrous roots

Cited by 115 publications

References 39 publications

Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees?

Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient – is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water‐limited mature trees?

Reviews and syntheses: on the roles trees play in building and plumbing the critical zone

Which is the best indicator for distinguishing between fine roots with primary and secondary development in <i>Cryptomeria japonica</i> D. Don: Diameter, branching order, or protoxylem groups?

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