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ABSTRACT:We studied the socio-spatial representations and collective memory of Brest, a city that was heavily destroyed during the Second World War, among a sample of young residents. The methodology used combined word associations, open questions in the form of a questionnaire, and cognitive maps. The results show that participants' representations of Brest are situated in the present because the city is the context in which they experience important (personal and professional) life stages. The painful past of the war is remembered superficially, as if the urban monuments -the physical symbols of history -do not hold much significance for the city's young people. We conclude by formulating several hypotheses on the social representations of this "old and forgotten" Brest by new generations, alongside a discussion on two major issues: the trauma of the war and the city's military function as a naval base.Keywords: social representations; city of Brest; alceste; Second World War; social memory. RESUMO:As representações sócio espaciais e a memória coletiva de jovens acerca de Brest, uma cidade destruída na Segunda Guerra Mundial, foram estudadas. A metodologia usou tanto associações livres de palavras quanto perguntas abertas inseridas em questionário e mapas cognitivos. Os resultados mostram que as representações dos participantes acerca de Brest se situam no presente pois a cidade é o contexto onde vivenciam importantes etapas de suas vidas (pessoais e profissionais). O doloroso passado bélico é lembrado superficialmente, como se os monumentos urbanos -símbolos físicos da história-não significassem muito para os jovens desta cidade. Concluímos com a formulação de algumas hipóteses sobre a representação social de novas gerações sobre esta "antiga e esquecida" Brest, também discutimos duas grandes questões: o trauma da guerra e a função militar da cidade ao acolher a base naval.
ABSTRACT:We studied the socio-spatial representations and collective memory of Brest, a city that was heavily destroyed during the Second World War, among a sample of young residents. The methodology used combined word associations, open questions in the form of a questionnaire, and cognitive maps. The results show that participants' representations of Brest are situated in the present because the city is the context in which they experience important (personal and professional) life stages. The painful past of the war is remembered superficially, as if the urban monuments -the physical symbols of history -do not hold much significance for the city's young people. We conclude by formulating several hypotheses on the social representations of this "old and forgotten" Brest by new generations, alongside a discussion on two major issues: the trauma of the war and the city's military function as a naval base.Keywords: social representations; city of Brest; alceste; Second World War; social memory. RESUMO:As representações sócio espaciais e a memória coletiva de jovens acerca de Brest, uma cidade destruída na Segunda Guerra Mundial, foram estudadas. A metodologia usou tanto associações livres de palavras quanto perguntas abertas inseridas em questionário e mapas cognitivos. Os resultados mostram que as representações dos participantes acerca de Brest se situam no presente pois a cidade é o contexto onde vivenciam importantes etapas de suas vidas (pessoais e profissionais). O doloroso passado bélico é lembrado superficialmente, como se os monumentos urbanos -símbolos físicos da história-não significassem muito para os jovens desta cidade. Concluímos com a formulação de algumas hipóteses sobre a representação social de novas gerações sobre esta "antiga e esquecida" Brest, também discutimos duas grandes questões: o trauma da guerra e a função militar da cidade ao acolher a base naval.
La psychologie de la religion : courants de recherche et perspectives théoriques Avec des contributeurs historiques, tels William James ou Stanley Hall, le religieux était l'un des premiers objets d'étude de la psychologie à la fin du XIX e siècle. William James, dont les écrits restent de référence et qui est souvent cité comme précurseur, a fortement influencé les travaux ultérieurs dans l'étude de la religion. La psychologie devenue discipline autonome, et les circonstances historiques amenèrent la quasi-extinction de la psychologie de la religion dans les années 1920. Elle se réduit alors à des considérations théologiques et philosophiques. Dans les années 1950, les études de la personnalité, et notamment celles de Gordon Allport sur la religiosité, relancent ce domaine. À partir des années 1970, la psychologie de la religion connaît un développement important surtout dans le monde anglo-saxon. Bien qu'elle soit riche de controverses, de nombreuses publications attestent son existence et son essor. À l'exception des travaux de Jean-Pierre Deconchy, récemment décédé, la psychologie française y est en retrait 2. L'étude qui suit propose un panorama des perspectives théoriques et empiriques majeures, depuis les années 1950, principalement dans le monde anglosaxon. Il s'agit de comprendre le développement et les orientations d'un domaine de recherche largement ignoré et peu développé en France. Notre lecture critique est nécessairement sélective ; elle s'en tient à une présentation des champs dominants. La présentation n'est pas chronologique, car les champs d'études, dont certains sont simultanés, sont trop imbriqués entre eux. Nous abordons : 1) les travaux de type « métrique », 2) ceux portant sur les corrélats de la religion, 3) les études sur la croyance, et 4) celles sur d'autres aires empiriques et théoriques du fait religieux 3. Les critiques les plus fréquentes de ces travaux seront 1. L'auteur remercie Denise Jodelet, Françoise Dintinger, Ralph Balez et les experts anonymes pour leurs lectures critiques. 2. Signalons toutefois le récent numéro spécial des Assr, dirigé par Françoise Champion (2013), qui réunit un ensemble de contributions examinant les liens et les imbrications entre pratiques psychothérapeutiques et sphère religieuse. Pour un historique de la psychologie de la religion et une présentation de la situation en France, voir Dargentas (2016). 3. Nous utilisons l'expression « fait religieux » pour nous référer à toutes les formes de phénomènes liés à la religion (par exemple, développement religieux, conversion, mysticisme, attitude vis-à-vis de la religion, formes spécifiques des religions, religiosité, etc.
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