Contribution of Epithelial Cells to Defense Mechanisms in the Human Vagina

Linhares, Iara M.; Sisti, Giovanni; Minis, Evelyn; Freitas, Gabriela Boufélli de; Moron, Antônio Fernandes

doi:10.1007/s11908-019-0686-5

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The L. iners-dominated vaginal microbiome was associated with the induction of a stress response in the vaginal epithelium (Vaneechoutte, 2017;Linhares et al, 2019). Doerflinger et al discovered that L. iners, but not L. crispatus, significantly upregulated the pattern-recognition receptor signaling pathway in human primary vaginal epithelial cells and increased the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor, indicating that the vaginal microbiome regulates the host immune response species-specifically (Doerflinger et al, 2014).…”

Section: Iners and The Menstruation Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

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Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review

Zheng

Guo

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

113

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Lactobacillus iners, first described in 1999, is a prevalent bacterial species of the vaginal microbiome. As L. iners does not easily grow on de Man-Rogosa-Sharpe agar, but can grow anaerobically on blood agar, it has been initially overlooked by traditional culture methods. It was not until the wide application of molecular biology techniques that the function of L. iners in the vaginal microbiome was carefully explored. L. iners has the smallest genome among known Lactobacilli and it has many probiotic characteristics, but is partly different from other major vaginal Lactobacillus species, such as L. crispatus, in contributing to the maintenance of a healthy vaginal microbiome. It is not only commonly present in the healthy vagina but quite often recovered in high numbers in bacterial vaginosis (BV). Increasing evidence suggests that L. iners is a transitional species that colonizes after the vaginal environment is disturbed and offers overall less protection against vaginal dysbiosis and, subsequently, leads to BV, sexually transmitted infections, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Accordingly, under certain conditions, L. iners is a genuine vaginal symbiont, but it also seems to be an opportunistic pathogen. Further studies are necessary to identify the exact role of this intriguing species in vaginal health and diseases.

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Section: Iners and The Menstruation Cyclementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The L. iners -dominated vaginal microbiome was associated with the induction of a stress response in the vaginal epithelium ( Vaneechoutte, 2017 ; Linhares et al., 2019 ). Doerflinger et al.…”

Section: Anti-microbial and Immune-inducing Activity Of L Inersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review

Zheng

Guo

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

113

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“…It undergoes rapid shredding and regeneration throughout the menstruation cycle [27]. The exfoliation of VE cells serves as the initial defence mechanism of the vagina as this action removes potential pathogenic Candida bound to it [28].…”

Section: Vaginal Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

Balakrishnan

Yamang

Lorenz³

et al. 2022

Pathogens

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Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a prevalent gynaecological disease characterised by vaginal wall inflammation that is caused by Candida species. VVC impacts almost three-quarters of all women throughout their reproductive years. As the vaginal mucosa is the first point of contact with microbes, vaginal epithelial cells are the first line of defence against opportunistic Candida infection by providing a physical barrier and mounting immunological responses. The mechanisms of defence against this infection are displayed through the rapid shedding of epithelial cells, the presence of pattern recognition receptors, and the release of inflammatory cytokines. The bacterial microbiota within the mucosal layer presents another form of defence mechanism within the vagina through acidic pH regulation, the release of antifungal peptides and physiological control against dysbiosis. The significant role of the microbiota in maintaining vaginal health promotes its application as one of the potential treatment modalities against VVC with the hope of alleviating the burden of VVC, especially the recurrent disease. This review discusses and summarises current progress in understanding the role of vaginal mucosa and host immunity upon infection, together with the function of vaginal microbiota in VVC.

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“…26 There is a complex interplay between the VMB, local immune response, and its metabolic milieu. 31 Lactic acid increases the release of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8 from vaginal epithelial cells. This suggests a synergistic association flanked by inflammatory activation in the host and microbial composition.…”

Section: The Vaginal Microbiome In Pregnancymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vaginal Microbiome: IV. The Role of Vaginal Microbiome in Reproduction and in Gynecologic Cancers

Ventolini

Vieira‐Baptista

Seta

et al. 2022

J Low Genit Tract Dis

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This series of articles, titled The Vaginal Microbiome (VMB), written on behalf of the International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease, aims to summarize the recent findings and understanding of the vaginal bacterial microbiota, mainly regarding areas relevant to clinicians specializing in vulvovaginal disorders.Materials and Methods: A search of PubMed database was performed, using the search terms "vaginal microbiome" with "reproduction," "infertility," "fertility," "miscarriages," "pregnancy" "cervical cancer," "endometrial cancer," and "ovarian cancer." Full article texts were reviewed. Reference lists were screened for additional articles. Results:The fourth article of this series focuses on 2 distinct areas: the role of VMB in various aspects of human reproduction and, in sharp contrast, the association between the VMB and gynecologic malignancies. Several of the negative pregnancy outcomes have been associated with an altered VMB. Dysbiosis is remarkably linked with poor pregnancy outcomes from preconception to delivery. The associations between the microbiome and gynecologic cancers are described. Conclusions:The development of the microbiome research, enabled by molecular-based techniques, has dramatically increased the detection of microorganisms and the understanding of bacterial communities that are relevant to maternal-fetal medicine in health and disease, as well as in gynecological malignancies. Proving causation in cancer is difficult because of the complex interactive nature of potential causative factors. Certain elements of the microbiota have been shown to provoke inflammatory reactions, whereas others produce anti-inflammatory reactions; this balance might be impaired with a change in microbial variety.

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Contribution of Epithelial Cells to Defense Mechanisms in the Human Vagina

Cited by 23 publications

References 50 publications

Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review

Contribution of Lactobacillus iners to Vaginal Health and Diseases: A Systematic Review

Role of Vaginal Mucosa, Host Immunity and Microbiota in Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

The Vaginal Microbiome: IV. The Role of Vaginal Microbiome in Reproduction and in Gynecologic Cancers

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