Contribution of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells on Action Spectrum for Pupillary Light Reflex

Takahashi, Yoshika; Katsuura, Tetsuo; Iwanaga, Koichi; Shimomura, Yoshihiro

doi:10.2150/jieij.94.743

Cited by 3 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Researchers found that ipRGCs affect the suprachiasmatic nucleus and act as the primary photoreceptor for non-visual effects, such as the suppression of pineal melatonin synthesis [7,8] and pupillary constriction [9-14]. It was also found that ipRGCs respond to short-wavelength light of around 480 nm (blue light) [6,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation

Katsuura

Ochiai

Senoo³

et al. 2012

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundIt has been assumed that light with a higher irradiance of pulsed blue light has a much greater influence than that of light with a lower irradiance of steady blue light, although they have the same multiplication value of irradiance and duration. We examined the non-visual physiological effects of blue pulsed light, and determined whether it is sensed visually as being blue.FindingsSeven young male volunteers participated in the study. We placed a circular screen (diameter 500 mm) in front of the participants and irradiated it using blue and/or white light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and we used halogen lamps as a standard illuminant. We applied three steady light conditions of white LED (F0), blue LED + white LED (F10), and blue LED (F100), and a blue pulsed light condition of a 100-μs pulse width with a 10% duty ratio (P10). The irradiance of all four conditions at the participant's eye level was almost the same, at around 12 μW/cm2. We measured their pupil diameter, recorded electroencephalogram readings and Kwansei Gakuin Sleepiness Scale score, and collected subjective evaluations. The subjective bluish score under the F100 condition was significantly higher than those under other conditions. Even under the P10 condition with a 10% duty ratio of blue pulsed light and the F10 condition, the participant did not perceive the light as bluish. Pupillary light response under the P10 pulsed light condition was significantly greater than under the F10 condition, even though the two conditions had equal blue light components.ConclusionsThe pupil constricted under the blue pulsed light condition, indicating a non-visual effect of the lighting, even though the participants did not perceive the light as bluish.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation

Katsuura

Ochiai

Senoo³

et al. 2012

J Physiol Anthropol

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“…Previous studies have suggested that the pupillary response to light is controlled by rods in conditions of low irradiance but by ipRGCs under conditions of high irradiance [12, 31]. For example, Panda et al [31] reported that ipRGCs contribute to the pupillary response in mice at an irradiance level greater than approximately 13 log photons/cm 2 /s when animals are exposure to 470-nm light at eye level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, Panda et al [31] reported that ipRGCs contribute to the pupillary response in mice at an irradiance level greater than approximately 13 log photons/cm 2 /s when animals are exposure to 470-nm light at eye level. Takahashi et al [12] also estimated that the irradiance level at which the role of rods in pupillary constriction is replaced by ipRGCs is approximately 10.4 × 10 12 photons/cm 2 /s when participants are exposed to eye-level 457-nm light. They further reported that the threshold retinal irradiance for depolarization of ipRGCs in rats is approximately 12.7 log photons/cm 2 /s of 500-nm light at eye level [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Takahashi et al [12] also estimated that the irradiance level at which the role of rods in pupillary constriction is replaced by ipRGCs is approximately 10.4 × 10 12 photons/cm 2 /s when participants are exposed to eye-level 457-nm light. They further reported that the threshold retinal irradiance for depolarization of ipRGCs in rats is approximately 12.7 log photons/cm 2 /s of 500-nm light at eye level [12]. In the present study, only melanopsin-stimulating irradiance and photon density of blue pulsed light were equivalent in the HS condition (72.1 × 10 12 or 13.9 log photons/cm 2 /s), MM condition (36.1 × 10 12 or 13.6 log photons/cm 2 /s), and LL condition (18.0 × 10 12 or 13.3 log photons/cm 2 /s).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the strongest non-visual effects should result from exposure to blue light [10]. Indeed, research has indicated that exposure to blue light results in increased pupillary constriction [12], increased alertness [13–16], improved cognitive performance [17], suppression of melatonin [18] and phase advanced circadian rhythms [19]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of quantity and intensity of pulsed light on human non-visual physiological responses

Dai

Uchiyama

Lee

et al. 2017

J Physiol Anthropol

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BackgroundExposure to pulsed light results in non-visual physiological responses in humans. The present study aims to investigate whether such non-visual effects are influenced to a greater extent by the intensity of lighting or by the power (quantity) of lighting.Methods>Twelve healthy young male participants (23 ± 0.3 years, 21–24 age range) were recruited for the present study. Participants were exposed to light of varying levels of intensity and quantity whose frequency was held constant across the conditions, which consisted of exposure to blue (different intensity, constant quantity) and white (constant intensity, different quantity) LEDs. Pupillary constriction, electroencephalogram (EEG) alpha band ratio, subjective sleepiness, concentration and perception of blueness were measured.ResultsPupillary constriction and subjective concentration were significantly greater under the high-intensity and short pulse width (HS) condition than under the low-intensity and long pulse width (LL) conditions at three time points during exposure to high-intensity light. However, no significant differences were observed among the results at the three time points during exposure to different quantities of pulsed light.ConclusionsThe results of the present study indicate that non-visual influences of pulsed light on physiological function are mainly determined not by the quantity but by the intensity of the emitted light, with relatively higher levels of intensity producing more significant physiological changes, suggesting potent excitation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40101-017-0137-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Physiological Effects of Pulsed LED Light Added to a Task Lamp to Improve Alertness on Employees of Hospital or Shift Workers

Chaveznava-Treviño

Lee

Katsuura

et al.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of a continuous stream of pulses of monochromatic blue pulsed (BP) and a combination of blue and green pulsed (BGP) light-emitting diode (LED) light conditions on physiological responses. This study is an approach to clarify the most suitable LED combination and flickering frequency to evoke alertness when a continuous stream of pulsed LED light is delivered and may suggest applications of continuous pulsed light as support for task illumination for shift workers, hospital nurses, school students or office employees. Combinations were delivered by exposures of BPLED and BGPLED pulses at 100, 200, and 400 Hertz over two background light colors (BLC). Participants were exposed to 12 different light conditions in a counterbalanced procedure. By integrating measures of electroencephalogram (EEG) and pupil constriction; results suggested significant changes in responses during the interaction of BLC, LED, and EEG. Beta waves exhibited a statistically significance (p < 0.05) in arousal levels when exposed to BG light, although no active task was involved during exposure. Furthermore, pupil reacted with larger constriction towards BGPLED exposure than towards monochromatic BPLED exposure, thus demonstrating that a continuous stream of pulses can deliver the same irradiance as if delivered in a continuous flow and without affecting perception as no flickering was perceived in any of the conditions by a qualitative evaluation.

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Contribution of Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells on Action Spectrum for Pupillary Light Reflex

Cited by 3 publications

References 15 publications

Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation

Effects of blue pulsed light on human physiological functions and subjective evaluation

Effect of quantity and intensity of pulsed light on human non-visual physiological responses

Physiological Effects of Pulsed LED Light Added to a Task Lamp to Improve Alertness on Employees of Hospital or Shift Workers

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