“…A growing body of research has examined these attitudes and how they are reflected in L1 use in the classroom (Hall and Cook, 2013). Studies have compared L1 attitudes and uses by both the teachers and learners (Hall and Cook, 2013; Leoanak and Amalo, 2018; Littlewood and Yu, 2011; Manara, 2007; Pasaribu, 2001; Storch and Wigglesworth, 2003; Usadiati, 2009; Yulia, 2013), primarily from the teacher’s perspective (Mohebbi and Alavi, 2014; Polio and Duff, 1994; Zacharias, 2004) or mainly from the learners’ viewpoint (Brooks-Lewis, 2009; Macaro, 2005; Scheffler et al., 2017). There is also an emerging body of international research that focusses on how student teachers approach L1 use (Hirsu and Zacharias, 2019) in specific contexts, including Japan (Miura, 2010; Turnbull, 2018), Turkey (Yildiz and Yesilyurt, 2016), and Israel (Orland-Barak and Yinon, 2005).…”