Contribution of Loamy Soil Treatment to Improve Embankments Performance

Pore scale characterization of lime-treated sand–bentonite mixtures

“…Research on soil stabilization has been active during the last decades. Bell (1996), De Bel et al (2009, Diamond and Kinter (1965) and many others observed an increase of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) in lime-treated soils as a function of time. Many important parameters influence soil stabilization, such as the water content and the dry density of soil (Locat et al, 1990).…”

“…Many important parameters influence soil stabilization, such as the water content and the dry density of soil (Locat et al, 1990). Also, higher temperatures increase the speed of the reaction (De Bel et al, 2009), whereas the presence of organic matter could decrease the efficiency of lime (Locat et al, 1990). In addition, the clay mineral type is an important parameter of soil stabilization.…”

Experimental characterisation of clay-sand mixtures treated with lime

“…The mineral formations obtained from the pozzolanic reactions indeed confer relevant soil mechanical properties such as a higher cohesion level (Thompson, 1965), frost resistance (Arabi, Wild, & Rowlands, 1989), reduction in swelling potential (Khattab, Al-Mukhtar, & Fleureau, 2007;Mrabent, Hachichi, Souli, Taibi, & Fleureau, 2016) and compressive/tensile strength. Bell (1996), De Bel, Gomes, andVerbrugge (2009), Diamond and Kinter (1965), Estéoule and Perret (1979) and many others observed an increase of the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) in lime-treated soils as a function of curing time. In limetreated clayey soils, such reactions take place between the calcium of the lime and the silicates and aluminates of the clay minerals; resulting in the formation of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH), calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH) and CASH (Diamond & Kinter, 1965).…”

“…Research on soil stabilisation has been active during the last decades, which allowed the identification of many important parameters that influence soil stabilisation, such as: (i) interfering materials like organic matter, gypsum and iron minerals (Locat, Bérubé, & Choquette, 1990;Netterberg & Paige-Green, 1984;Sherwood, 1993), (ii) the grain shapes and sizes of the skeleton (sand part), (iii) the reactivity of silt and the complexity of its microstructure, (iv) the lime quantity, the water content and the compaction density (Bell, 1996;Locat et al, 1990), (v) the temperature that increases the kinetics of the reaction (De Bel et al, 2009;Estéoule & Perret, 1979) and (vi) the clay mineral type which is an important parameter of soil stabilisation. Montmorillonite, for example, has a better efficiency for lime adsorption compared to kaolinite (Carroll, 1959), illustrating the importance to consider the cation exchange capacity (CEC) in the assessment of lime treatment.…”

“…Many previous studies of lime treatment as a function of curing times involved the study of UCS as mentioned above. LC was also studied by means of dilution in saccharose (De Bel et al, 2009) or atomic absorption spectrometer (Al-Mukhtar, Lasledj, & Alcover, 2010a;Al-Mukhtar, Lasledj, & Alcover, 2010b;Al-Mukhtar, Lasledj, & Alcover, 2014). ER (or conductivity) was also carried earlier for lime-treated soils (Al-Mukhtar et al, 2010a;Al-Mukhtar et al, 2010b;Zha, Liu, Du, & Cui, 2009) and for cemented materials (Tashiro, Ikeda, & Inoue, 1994).…”