Contribution of lung function tests to the staging of severe equine asthma syndrome in the field

Simões, Joana; Luis, José; Tilley, Paula

doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2018.12.014

Cited by 11 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The Horse Owner Assessed Respiratory Signs Index (HOARSI) is a scoring system introduced to grade asthma severity in horses (Ramseyer et al, 2007). More completed scoring systems that take into account also endoscopic examination, BALF cytology, thoracic x-rays, arterial blood gas analysis, and lung function tests have been described in horses (Tilley et al, 2012;Simoes et al, 2019). All these staging systems may be applied to donkeys to identify mild or latent forms of respiratory diseases in this species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys

Vitale

Bonelli²,

Briganti³

et al. 2021

Open Vet J.

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Background: The approach to respiratory diseases in donkeys is similar to that for horses; nevertheless, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and tracheal wash cytology in this species have been described only a few times in the literature. Aim: To describe BALF cytological findings in a cohort of 24 healthy Amiata donkeys. Methods: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was carried out via standing sedation with a large animal where the BAL catheter passed blindly through the nasal passage into the trachea. Results: The total nucleated cell count of the BALF was found similar to that already described in healthy horses and donkeys. No differences in the differential count were observed according to age and sex. A decreased macrophage percentage and an increased eosinophil percentage were observed in our donkey population when compared to the existing reference range for horses. Conclusion: The reference intervals for BAL cytology in donkeys may be significantly different for those referred for horses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys

Vitale

Bonelli²,

Briganti³

et al. 2021

Open Vet J.

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“…Lung function tests would be additional useful information for support of specific treatments. A staging scale for severe asthma could be used in addition to, or substitution of, lung function tests, but a staging scale for mEAS does not exist at this time [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multidimensional Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytokines and Mast Cell Proteases Reveals Interferon-γ as a Key Biomarker in Equine Asthma Syndrome

Woodrow

Hines

Sommardahl

et al. 2020

Preprint

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23Naturally-occurring equine asthma is an inflammatory lung disease characterized by chronic, partially 24 reversible airway obstruction, pulmonary remodeling and lower airway inflammation. The cytokine profiles that 25 2 distinguish asthma groups or subtypes in horses have not been systematically classified, and mast cell 26 phenotypes, which, in human asthma, correlate with asthma type, lung function, and response to therapy, have 27 not been well-described in horses. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mast cell protease mRNA 28 expression between healthy and asthmatic horses, (2) analyze the cytokine profile present in BALF of currently 29 defined equine asthma groups, and (3) use these data to evaluate potential biomarkers of defined asthma groups. 30Mast cell protease gene expression and select cytokine gene expression in cells isolated from BALF, and BALF 31 multiplex cytokine assays were performed. Multidimensional analysis demonstrated that IFNγ differentiates 32 severe from moderate asthma, and that TNFα and CXCL8 are key biomarkers of equine asthma subtype. 33Expression of chymase mRNA, a mast cell-specific protease, was significantly decreased in horses with 34 mastocytic asthma. These results will help further define EAS immunopathology, which could improve 35 understanding and definitions of asthma groups, while also potentially identify novel therapeutic strategies. 36 Introduction 37 Equine asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by enhanced bronchial reactivity, 38 and chronic, partially reversible airflow obstruction, pulmonary remodeling, and lower airway inflammation [1]. 39 The most common environmental triggers for asthma development in susceptible horses include pollens, dust, 40 mold, and bacterial components. Equine asthma prevalence in the Northern hemisphere is about 14% and the 41 disease can be frustrating to manage, while also being career or life ending for the horse [2, 3]. Recently it has 42 also been shown that prevalence can change with season [4]. The diagnosis is based on history, physical 43 examination, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cytology, and lung function tests. Lung function tests are 44 performed less frequently due to cost, required skill for equipment use and data analysis, and availability of the 45 apparatus. History and physical exam findings supporting asthma include clinical signs of lower airway 46 inflammation, such as cough, increased respiratory rate and effort, poor performance/exercise intolerance, and 47 serous, mucoid, or mucopurulent nasal discharge at rest and/or at exercise. A 2016 consensus statement has 48 defined two categories of equine asthma syndrome (EAS), currently designated as mild to moderate asthma 49 (mEAS) and severe asthma (sEAS) [1]. For horses with sEAS, auscultation of the lungs at rest or during 50 3 rebreathing exam can reveal wheezes, crackles, cough, and/or tracheal rattle. Abnormalities upon auscultation 51may not be apparent, but recovery from a rebreathing exam may be prolonged in mEAS o...

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“…The precise immunological pathways of this multifactorial disease are complex and not yet fully understood [6][7][8][9][10][11][12], but it is known that when susceptible individuals are exposed to high concentrations of respirable particles they develop inflammation, bronchospasm and airway hyperreactivity [13][14][15][16]. Consequently these animals develop increased respiratory effort at rest, cough and nasal discharge which, depending on inflammation severity, may impact athletic performance and the horse's well-being [17,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma—Diagnosis and Monitoring

Simões,

Tilley

2023

Animals

Self Cite

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Decision making consists of gathering quality data in order to correctly assess a situation and determine the best course of action. This process is a fundamental part of medicine and is what enables practitioners to accurately diagnose diseases and select appropriate treatment protocols. Despite severe equine asthma (SEA) being a highly prevalent lower respiratory disease amongst equids, clinicians still struggle with the optimization of routine diagnostic procedures. The use of several ancillary diagnostic tests has been reported for disease identification and monitoring, but many are only suitable for research purposes or lack practicality for everyday use. The aim of this paper is to assist the equine veterinarian in the process of decision making associated with managing SEA-affected patients. This review will focus on disease diagnosis and monitoring, while also presenting a flow-chart which includes the basic data that the clinician must obtain in order to accurately identify severely asthmatic horses in their everyday routine practice. It is important to note that European and American board-certified specialists on equine internal medicine can provide assistance in the diagnosis and treatment plan of SEA-affected horses.

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Contribution of lung function tests to the staging of severe equine asthma syndrome in the field

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys

Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytological findings in healthy Amiata donkeys

Multidimensional Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Cytokines and Mast Cell Proteases Reveals Interferon-γ as a Key Biomarker in Equine Asthma Syndrome

Decision Making in Severe Equine Asthma—Diagnosis and Monitoring

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