Contribution of pedal afferents to postural control in the dog

Mori, Shigemi; Reynolds, PJ; Jm, Brookhart

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.218.3.726

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The results obtained by measuring muscle activity electromyographically showed very repeatable and stable patterns (Brookhart et al 1970;Mori & Brookhart, 1968). The standard deviations of the transitions between quiescent and active, and the reverse, were less than 10 msec for both the early (25 msec latency) and the late (50 msec latency) e.m.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…The ability of a normal dog to respond in a consistent fashion under constant experimental conditions is definitely a prerequisite to interpretation of later results derived from dogs with structural and functional modifications. In previous studies from this laboratory, a high degree of replicability was noted in the postural response to step displacement (Mori & Brookhart, 1968;Brookhart et al 1970). Later studies, utilizing similar virtual steps as the input, led to results which were more variable (Reynolds et al 1972;Cross, 1973;R.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The phase difference between the intensity variations in the two sensors provided a direct measure of joint angle. The positions of the head and pelvis in the longitudinal axis were measured with potentiometers actuated by levers of sufficient length (52 mm) that errors due to lever arc were negligible over the range of movements encountered (Brookhart et al 1970). The distal end of the lever was fixed to the animal while the proximal end was fixed to the shaft of the potentiometer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was further discovered that various afferents, which might be blocked by a local anaesthetic which was infiltrated into the foot pads, did not contribute essential information to the nervous system for controlling the timing of the changes in muscle activity during walking. Mori, Reynolds & Brookhart (1970) also concluded on the basis of their e.m.g. measurements that central rather than peripheral mechanisms must provide the critical timing of changes in the level of muscle activity which were necessitated by a brief step displacement of a quietly standing dog.…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The experimental evidence linking specific patterns of muscle activity to specific postural adjustments (Engberg & Lundberg, 1969;Mori & Brookhart, 1968;Brookhart, Mori & Reynolds, 1970) makes it possible to go back to the more external expressions of a postural reaction and to utilize quantitative measures of those external changes as reliable indicators of the underlying internal changes. Cross (1973) did this when he analysed the step response and the quiet standing posture of the dog by calculating the underlying torque distributions.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The postural response of normal dogs to sinusoidal displacement

Brookhart¹,

Talbott²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Normal dogs were trained to adopt a laterally symmetric stance on a horizontal platform. Sinusoidal oscillation of the platform in the cephalocaudal direction caused the dogs to adopt a strategy of response which would keep them from falling down during the period of imposed motion or perturbation.2. A Fourier analysis of the response variables provided a quantitative measure of the distortion in the induced movement at the various hind leg joints and in the motion of the body. Certain aspects of the distortion could be accounted for by recognized random events such as drift and panting. The remainder of the distortion was task related and therefore provided evidence that the dog's postural control system behaved essentially as a non-linear system.3. The motion of the body was less distorted than the motion at the joints. The frequency response of the body motion resembled that of a second order linear system, but the amplitude of the body motion did not vary in constant proportion with changes in the amplitude of the input. Further, the phase relation between body motion and platform motion was not constant when the amplitude of the input was changed. Therefore, it was concluded that the control of the body position was probably non-linearly related to the input disturbance but that the low pass filter characteristics tended to minimize the appearance of distortion in that system output.4. Control of the position of the hind limb is related to the control of the torque generated at the hind limb joints. To the extent that joint angle and change in joint angle are related to the torque at a joint, the distortion of the motion at the joints clearly demonstrates that control of the hind limb during this postural task was non-linearly related to the sinusoidal input.II-2 J. M. BROOKHART AND R. E. TALBOTT 5. The uniformity of the response parameters, as assessed from the Fourier coefficients, indicated that all of the tested dogs adopted the same or nearly the same strategy for solving the problem of adjusting their postural control in response to the perturbation. Therefore, a reasonable hypothesis for future testing is that the central programme which generates this particular postural response will be structured similarly from one dog to the next.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The postural response of normal dogs to sinusoidal displacement

Brookhart¹,

Talbott²

1974

The Journal of Physiology

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Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback

Frigon

Akay

Prilutsky

2021

Comprehensive Physiology

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When animals walk overground, mechanical stimuli activate various receptors located in muscles, joints, and skin. Afferents from these mechanoreceptors project to neuronal networks controlling locomotion in the spinal cord and brain. The dynamic interactions between the control systems at different levels of the neuraxis ensure that locomotion adjusts to its environment and meets task demands. In this article, we describe and discuss the essential contribution of somatosensory feedback to locomotion. We start with a discussion of how biomechanical properties of the body affect somatosensory feedback. We follow with the different types of mechanoreceptors and somatosensory afferents and their activity during locomotion. We then describe central projections to locomotor networks and the modulation of somatosensory feedback during locomotion and its mechanisms. We then discuss experimental approaches and animal models used to investigate the control of locomotion by somatosensory feedback before providing an overview of the different functional roles of somatosensory feedback for locomotion. Lastly, we briefly describe the role of somatosensory feedback in the recovery of locomotion after neurological injury. We highlight the fact that somatosensory feedback is an essential component of a highly integrated system for locomotor control.

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Postural Orientation and Equilibrium

Horak

Macpherson

1996

Comprehensive Physiology

505

384

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The sections in this article are: Neural Control of Postural Orientation and Equilibrium Behavioral Goals Biomechanical Principles Postural Strategies Postural Orientation Stiffness and Tonic Muscle Activation Controlling Postural Orientation Internal Representation of Postural Orientation Coordination of Postural Equilibrium Triggered Reactions to External Disturbances Anticipatory Postural Adjustments for Voluntary Movement Modeling of Postural Coordination Sensory Control of Postural Orientation and Equilibrium Sensory Integration Somatosensory System Vestibular System Visual System Central Neural Control of Posture Spinal Cord and Brainstem Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Cerebral Cortex Concluding Remarks

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Contribution of pedal afferents to postural control in the dog

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

The postural response of normal dogs to sinusoidal displacement

The postural response of normal dogs to sinusoidal displacement

Control of Mammalian Locomotion by Somatosensory Feedback

Postural Orientation and Equilibrium

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