Contribution of Postprandial Amino Acid Levels to Stimulation of Insulin, Glucagon, and Pancreatic Polypeptide in Humans

Schmid, Roland M.; Schulte‐Frohlinde, E.; Schusdziarra, V.; Neubauer, Judith A.; Stegmann, Martin; Maier, V.; Classen, Meinhard

doi:10.1097/00006676-199211000-00011

Cited by 48 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…It is well established that food proteins and more specifically AA acutely stimulate insulin secretion (70) with several AA possessing direct insulinotropic effects (71,72) .…”

Section: Glycaemic Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

2016

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The prevalence of cardiometabolic diseases is a significant public health burden worldwide. Emerging evidence supports the inverse association between greater dairy consumption and reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Dairy proteins may have an important role in the favourable impact of dairy on human health such as blood pressure (BP), blood lipid and glucose control. The purpose of this review is to update and critically evaluate the evidence on the impacts of casein and whey protein in relation to metabolic function. Evidence from short-term clinical studies assessing postprandial responses to milk protein ingestion suggests benefits on vascular function independent of BP, as well as improvement in glycaemic homeostasis. Long-term interventions have been less conclusive, with some showing benefits and others indicating a lack of improvement in vascular function. During chronic consumption BP appears to be lowered and both dyslipidaemia and hyperglacaemia seem to be controlled. Limited number of trials investigated the effects of dairy proteins on oxidative stress and inflammation. Although the underlying mechanisms of milk proteins on cardiometabolic homeostasis remains to be elucidated, the most likely mechanism is to improve insulin resistance. The incorporation of meals enriched with dairy protein in the habitual diet may result in the beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health. Nevertheless, future well-designed, controlled studies are needed to investigate the relative effects of both casein and whey protein on BP, vascular function, glucose homeostasis and inflammation.

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“…It is well established that food proteins and more specifically AA acutely stimulate insulin secretion (70) with several AA possessing direct insulinotropic effects (71,72) .…”

Section: Glycaemic Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

2016

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“…Many studies have shown that human metabolism adapts to a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. In acute experiments, a protein meal stimulates postprandial insulin and glucagon secretion without a commensurate change in plasma glucose [25][26][27].…”

Section: Metabolic Consequences Of a Low-carbohydrate High-protein Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate in the evolution of NIDDM

1994

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SummaryWe postulate a critical role for the quantity and quality of dietary carbohydrate in the pathogenesis of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Our primate ancestors ate a high-carbohydrate diet and the brain and reproductive tissues evolved a specific requirement for glucose as a source of fuel. But the Ice Ages which dominated the last two million years of human evolution brought a low-carbohydrate, high-protein diet. Certain metabolic adaptations were therefore necessary to accommodate the low glucose intake. Studies in both humans and experimental animals indicate that the adaptive (phenotypic) response to low-carbohydrate intake is insulin resistance. This provides the clue that insulin resistance is the mechanism for coping with a shortage of dietary glucose. We propose that the low-carbohydrate carnivorous diet would have disadvantaged reproduction in insulin-sensitive individuals and positively selected for individuals with insulin resistance. Natural selection would therefore result in a high proportion of people with genetically-determined insulin resistance. Other factors, such as geographic isolation, have contributed to further increases in the prevalence of the genotype in some population groups. Europeans may have a low incidence of diabetes because they were among the first to adopt agriculture and their diet has been high in carbohydrate for 10,000 years. The selection pressure for insulin resistance (!. e., a lowcarbohydrate diet) was therefore relaxed much sooner in Caucasians than in other populations. Hence the prevalence of genes producing insulin resistance should be lower in the European population and any other group exposed to high-carbohydrate intake for a sufficiently long period of time. [Diabetologia (1994[Diabetologia ( ) 37: 1280[Diabetologia ( -1286

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“…A stimulatory influence of glucagon would be predicted based on a recent study showing that glucagon increases gastric ghrelin mRNA expression (29). Moreover, glucagon seems to have a stimulatory effect on ghrelin secretion from the isolated perfused rat stomach (30), and protein-rich meals stimulate both glucagon and ghrelin secretion (31,32). All these data may argue somewhat against a direct inhibitory effect of glucagon on the gastric ghrelin-producing cells, at least in animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucagon inhibits ghrelin secretion in humans

Arafat

Otto²,

Rochlitz

et al. 2005

eur j endocrinol

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Objective: It is well known that i.m. glucagon administration stimulates GH and cortisol release in humans, although the mechanisms are unclear. These effects are similar to those described for ghrelin on somatotroph and corticotroph function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of ghrelin in mediating the stimulatory effects of glucagon and to evaluate the effect of glucagon on ghrelin secretion. Design and methods: We studied the endocrine and metabolic response to i.m. glucagon administration in 24 subjects (14 men, 10 women; age 19 -65 years; body mass index, 25.3^1 kg/m 2 ), who were shown to have an intact anterior pituitary function as evaluated before enclosure. Results: Serum ghrelin concentrations fell significantly at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after glucagon administration (means^S.E.M.; baseline, 377.9^34.5 pg/ml; nadir, 294.6^28.3 pg/ml (60 min); P , 0.01). Conversely, i.m. glucagon elicited an increase in GH (baseline, 1.5^0.4 mg/l; peak, 14.2^2.7 mg/l (180 min); P , 0.01) and cortisol concentrations (baseline, 452.6^35.2 nmol/l; peak, 622.1^44 nmol/l (180 min); P , 0.01). The changes in ghrelin concentration at both 120 and 180 min were still significant after correction for glucose and insulin (P , 0.05). Conclusions: We show that i.m. glucagon decreases ghrelin significantly. Therefore, the already known stimulatory effects of i.m. glucagon on cortisol and GH are not mediated by a change in ghrelin concentrations. The mechanisms underlying the ghrelin suppression after i.m. glucagon are unlikely to include glucose or insulin variations and need to be further elucidated.European Journal of Endocrinology 153 397-402

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Contribution of Postprandial Amino Acid Levels to Stimulation of Insulin, Glucagon, and Pancreatic Polypeptide in Humans

Cited by 48 publications

References 0 publications

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

Can milk proteins be a useful tool in the management of cardiometabolic health? An updated review of human intervention trials

The carnivore connection: dietary carbohydrate in the evolution of NIDDM

Glucagon inhibits ghrelin secretion in humans

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