Contribution of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the adsorbable organically bound fluorine in German rivers and in a highly contaminated groundwater

Determination of organically bound fluorine sum parameters in river water samples—comparison of combustion ion chromatography (CIC) and high resolution-continuum source-graphite furnace molecular absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-GFMAS)

“…CIC KO AOF concentrations with about 0.3–1.5 μg/L were in good agreement with previously determined AOF concentrations by Wagner et al with 0.45–2.5 μg/L for WWTPs, surface waters, and ground waters, with concentrations near the LOQ of 0.3 μg/L [ 36 ]. Furthermore, Willach et al determined similar AOF concentrations in the range of 0.88–1.98 μg/L for WWTP effluents and surface waters [ 33 ].…”

“…PFASs target analytic in aqueous samples by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods cover only a small proportion (7–53 PFASs for LC-MS [ 28 – 30 ], and 10–13 PFASs for GC-MS [ 31 , 32 ]) of the over 4700 different PFASs and vastly underestimate the quality and quantity of total organically bound fluorine (OF) [ 33 ]. This results in a huge gap in the PFAS mass balance with an unknown amount of potentially toxic and persistent PFASs.…”

“…Subsequently, the analysis of fluoride was carried out using ion chromatography (IC) [ 36 ]. A complementary target analysis by Willach et al connoted that the AOF of some highly contaminated aqueous samples can only be explained by < 5% with LC-MS approaches, which underlines the importance of an organically bound fluorine sum parameter [ 33 ].…”

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and fluorine mass balance in cosmetic products from the Swedish market: implications for environmental emissions and human exposure

“…23,24 Despite the availability of these analytical platforms, many PFASs lack authentic standards, making them unquan-tiable using the aforementioned approaches. In order to circumvent the problems of multiple MS-based approaches and standard availability, combustion ion chromatography (CIC) [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and particle induced gamma ray emission (PIGE) 28,37,38 have recently been introduced for indirect quan-tication of total and extractable organic uorine (TF and EOF, respectively) in samples. As these approaches are uorine-specic, a standard of any uorinated substance may be used for quantication.…”

The role of analytical chemistry in exposure science: Focus on the aquatic environment

“…Most of the research and analysis of PFAS have focused on the perfluorinated sulfonic acids (PFSAs) and perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs). Several studies (Miyake et al, 2007;Willach et al, 2016) have shown that identified and quantified PFAS in water usually account for less than 50% of the total organic fluorine content of the sample. This can be partly explained by the limited target lists investigated in low resolution MS methods, and lack of standards.…”