Renal insufficiency (RI) has been shown to be associated with increased major adverse cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary intervention. We reviewed the impact of RI on the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in the form of drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in these high-risk patients. We searched the English-language literature indexed in MEDLINE, Scopus, and EBS-CO Host research databases from 1990 through January 2009, using as search terms coronary revascularization, drug-eluting stent, and renal insufficiency. Studies that assessed DES implantation in patients with various degrees of RI were selected for review. Most of the available data were extracted from observational studies, and data from randomized trials formed the basis of a post hoc analysis. The outcomes after coronary revascularization were less favorable in patients with RI than in those with normal renal function. In patients with RI, DES implantation yielded better outcomes than did use of bare-metal stents. Randomized trials are needed to define optimal treatment of these high-risk patients with coronary artery disease.
© 2010 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and ResearchR enal insufficiency (RI), defined as creatinine clearance lower than or equal to 60 mL/min, is prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). [1][2][3][4][5] In patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), even mild RI is an independent predictor of worse outcomes.1 Renal insufficiency is a potent risk factor for CAD and qualifies as a coronary risk equivalent. Chronic RI not only increases cardiovascular event risk but also is associated with worse outcomes if an event occurs. 6 Diagnostic coronary angiography and PCI are used less frequently in patients with reduced renal function; risk of complications from these procedures is increased in the presence of RI. 7,8 This increased risk has been shown to occur at even moderate levels of RI, despite the use of advanced stent technology and optimal adjunctive medical therapy. Best et al 10 reported an RI prevalence of 49.1% in patients undergoing elective PCI. In that study, RI had a negative impact similar to that of diabetes mellitus (DM) on cardiovascular outcomes.10 One year after PCI, chronic RI was associated with a doubling of mortality in patients with mild RI, a 5-fold increase in patients with moderate RI, and a 12-fold increase in patients with severe RI. 10 In primary PCI for myocardial infarction (MI), a notable incremental reduction in survival was evident for each decline of 10 mL/min in creatinine clearance.11 Unfortunately, most randomized trials of patients undergoing PCI have excluded patients with severe RI. 12,13 This narrative review aims to identify the impact of a drug-eluting stent (DES) in the performance of PCI in patients with RI.
METHODSWe evaluated the impact of RI on the pathogenesis of CAD and outcomes after PCI (in the form of DES implantation) in these high...