Contributions of individual generators to loads and flows

Abstract

Because of the introduction of competition in the Since the introduction of competition in various countries electricity suppi industry, it has become much more im ortant around the world and the introduction of wheeling in North particular load, how much use each generator is &g of a forms. While the approaches which have been i m lemented are transmission line and what is each generator's contribution reasonable and reflect sound engineering @&emat, it is to the system losses. This a er describes a technique for probably fair to say that their scope is limited and that their answering these uestions wKi& is not limited to incremental application is not entirely satisfactory. In the United Kingdom changes and whic R is applicable to both active and reactive these issues were deemed too complex and were deliberately power. Starting from a power flow solution, the technique set aside. Consequently, a single non-geographically irst identifies the busses which are reached by power differentiated electricity market was created and generators roduced by each enerator. Then it determines the sets of are compensated if they are not allowed to produce due to &usses supplied %y the same generators. Using a transmission constraints[l]. Connection charges depend on proportionality assumption, it is then ossible to calculate the the location but are based on capacity and not energy. On the contribution of each generator to the yoads and flows. The other hand, the lon itudinal nature of the Chilean power applicability of the proposed technique is demonstrated using system makes possihe the introduction of the concept of a 30-bus example. influence area based on sensitivity analysis [2]. These areas of influence are used to allocate the cost of the transmission Keywords: power system operations, transmission access, system among the competin generators. In North America, the power flow, spot pricing, location-dependent pricing, power introduction of wholesie wheeling has led to the system economics. development of concepts such as "contract raths" and the ricing of transmission services based on MW-miles"[3]. This method is a plicable independently to both active and ;eactive power lows. In the following description, the t a m power" can be replaced by either "active power" or "reactive power" depending on the desired application.

Accurate Transmission Loss Allocation Algorithm Based on the Virtual Transaction Strategy: Comparison of Path-integral with Discrete Integral Methods

“…However, the nonlinearity of line losses causes bus-wise allocated losses to vary considerably as to "which generation or load increased ahead," i.e., the buswise allocated transmission losses are path dependent. These two contrary results make it confusing to develop an exact theory that provides accurate bus-wise allocated losses, of which the sum is only equal to the total transmission loss [4]- [10], [15], [20]- [21], [24]- [27]. This section presents the proposed mathematical theory satisfying both the path independency of the total transmission loss and the path dependency of bus-wise allocated losses.…”

Cost allocation model for distribution networks considering high penetration of distributed energy resources

“…Thus, it is possible to allocate the costs of network usage to the energy resources [20]. Others embedded cost allocation methods such as the generalized distribution factors [15], Bialek's [21], and Kirschen's [22] tracing algorithms are based on the definition of distribution factors in order to know the share that each user has in the network. An hybrid method called "Amp-mile" [23] combines the use of power flow distribution factors in order to know the impact that each user has on each network branch, with some characteristics of the MW-mile.…”

“…In order to determine the resource contribution, two different techniques were implemented and tested. The first one is the Kirschen's tracing method proposed in [22]. This technique defines the assumptions of domains, commons and links in order to determine the contribution of each resource in the network power flow.…”

“…However, the increasing penetration of DER at distribution level forces the need to adapt traditional cost allocation methods used in transmission system to the distribution level. In general, the cost allocation methods for transmission systems may be classified into three distinct categories: nodal marginal methods [3][4][5][6][7]; rolled-in methods [8][9][10][11]; embeddedmethods [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. The cost allocation based on nodal marginal pricing for transmission systems is presented in [3][4][5], in which are considered the long-term and short-term marginal costs related to energy, reliability, investments and demand side.…”

Tractability of bilateral transactions considering multiplicity of solution space in real power tracing

“…By proportionate sharing, it is meant that the net outgoing resources on a bus (generator or load commodities) are shared in proportion of the respective incoming resources. There are well established techniques of carrying out the real power tracing based on this principle [2], [3], [4]. Various applications of proportionality based tracing have been reported in the literature so far.…”